Mafambiro emagetsi mugridi yemagetsi
Mafambiro emagetsi ndeimwe yematanho akakosha mumagetsi. Kana magetsi achigona kufananidzwa ne "pressure" inotyaira magetsi, saka mafambiro ndiwo "rhythm" kana "pulse" inoita kuti zvikamu zvese zviri mumagetsi zvishande zvakanaka. Munyika dzakawanda, magetsi anoshanda nefrequency ye50 Hz kana 60 Hz. Indonesia, pamwe chete nenyika zhinji muAsia neEurope, inoshandisa 50 Hz. Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezviri nyore, kuchengetedza mafrequency akagadzikana ibasa guru rinosanganisira kugadzira, kutumira, kugovera, uye kunyange maitiro ekutakura kwevatengi.
Kunzwisisa mafrequency emagetsi
Mafrequency emagetsi inhamba yema current alternating (AC) cycles anoitika pasekondi. Unit yayo iHertz (Hz). Mu AC system, voltage ne current zvinochinja nzira nguva nenguva. Kana frequency ye50 Hz yataurwa, zvinoreva kuti ma circuit makumi mashanu akazara anoitika pasekondi imwe. Ma frequency aya ane chekuita nekumhanya kwekutenderera kwe generator synchronous mu power plant. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kumhanya kwe rotor ye generator uye huwandu hwe poles zvinosarudza frequency yekubuda. Hukama hwakajairika ndehwekuti:
f = (p × n) / 120,
apo f iri frequency (Hz), p nhamba yemapore, uye n yekutenderera (rpm).
Saka, mafrequency ehurongwa haasi nhamba chete, asi chiratidzo chekuenzanisa kuri pakati pesimba rinogadzirwa nesimba rinoshandiswa.
Sei zvichifanira kuchengetedzwa kakawanda?
Mafrequency ari mugrid remagetsi anofanira kunge ari pedyo nehukuru hwaro hwezita nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvakakosha. Chekutanga, zvishandiso zvakawanda zvemagetsi zvakagadzirwa kuti zvishande zvakanaka pamafrequency chaiwo. Mamota emagetsi, semuenzaniso, ane kumhanya kwakafanana kunoenderana nemafrequency. Kuchinja kwemafrequency kunogona kuchinja kumhanya kwemota, kuderedza torque, kuwedzera kurasikirwa, uye kutungamira pakupisa zvakanyanya.
Chechipiri, kutsauka kwema frequency kunoratidza kusawirirana kwesimba. Kana mutoro ukadarika kugona kwekugadzira, sisitimu "inononoka" uye frequency inodzikira. Kusiyana neizvi, kana kugona kwekugadzira kukadarika mutoro, frequency inowedzera. Kusawirirana kukuru kusingadzoreki kwenguva yakareba kunogona kutungamira mukudzima kwemagetsi kwakapararira, sezvo dziviriro dzichishanda kudzivirira michina kubva mukukuvadzwa.
Chechitatu, kugadzikana kwesimba remagetsi—kugadzikana kwekona yejenareta uye kugadzikana kwemagetsi—kunokanganisa nekudzora mafrequency. Muhurongwa hukuru hwakabatana, kutadza kudzora mafrequency munzvimbo imwe kunogona kukanganisa mamwe matunhu.
Hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu, mutoro uye kugadzirwa
Muhurongwa hwemagetsi, chiyero chemagetsi chinogona kunyorwa seizvi:
Jenareta yeP = P mutoro + kurasikirwa kwesystem
Kana mutoro ukangoerekana wawedzera (semuenzaniso, panguva yehusiku, kana kuti maindasitiri mazhinji paanotanga kushanda panguva imwe chete), sisitimu inoda simba rakawedzerwa. Kana mhinduro yejenareta ikanonoka, frequency inodzikira. Kudzikira uku kunoitika nekuti rotor yejenareta inorasikirwa nesimba rekinetic kuti itsive kushomeka kwesimba kwenguva pfupi. Simba rekinetic rerotor rinoshanda sebuffer (inertia) inobatsira kutsungirira shanduko dzefrequency.
Kusiyana neizvi, kana mutoro ukangoerekana wadzikira (semuenzaniso, kana indasitiri yadzima, kana jenareta hombe ikangoerekana yatanga), kuwanda kwesimba kunogona kuwedzera nekuti simba rakawandisa rinoita kuti majenareta "akurumidze." Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei vashandi vemasystem vachifanira kuyera kugadzirwa kwemagetsi nekuremerwa kwezvinhu nguva dzose, sekondi nesekondi.
Kutsauka kwakajairika kwehuwandu hwema frequency uye hunhu hwemagetsi
Mafambiro akakodzera i50 Hz chaiyo (kana 60 Hz), asi mukuita, madhiri madiki anogara aripo. Kuwanda kwedhiri kunoonekwa sekwakajairika kunoenderana nemitemo yekushanda yemuno. Masisitimu emagetsi emazuva ano ane zvinangwa zvakasimba zvedhiriji zvine chekuita nekushanda kwemidziyo, kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, uye kugadzikana kwekubatana.
Kutsauka kudiki kwema frequency kunowanzoonekwa nevatengi vekugara, asi kunoramba kuripo kune maindasitiri ane michina chaiyo, masisitimu ekubatanidza, uye maitiro akangwara. Mamwe maapplication, akadai semawachi emagetsi akavakirwa pagrid-frequency (aimbova akajairika), anogona kusangana nekusarongeka kana avhareji yema frequency ikatsauka kwenguva yakareba. Nokudaro, vashandi vanowanzo dzora kwete kutsauka kwenguva pfupi chete asiwo vanoona kuti avhareji yema frequency inodzokera kukururama kuderedza kuunganidzwa kwezvikanganiso.
Maitiro ekudzora mafrequency
Kudzora mafambiro enguva kunoitwa muzvikamu, kubva pakupindura nekukurumidza kusvika pakuronga kwenguva yepakati nepakati.
1. Mhinduro isina simba
Iyi imhinduro yechisikigo yehukuru hunotenderera mujenareta inochinja-chinja. Kana simba risina kurongeka, simba rekinetic rerotor rinobatsira kudzivirira shanduko dzefrequency mumasekonzi mashoma ekutanga. Zvisinei, sezvo kugadzirwa kwe inverter-based (semuenzaniso, PV nemabhatiri) kuchiwedzera, inertia yesystem inogona kudzikira, zvichiita kuti frequency dzishanduke zviri nyore.
2. Kudzora kwekutanga (kudzora frequency huru)
Kudzora uku kunowanzo shandisa turbine gavern mufekitori inogadzira magetsi. Kana frequency yadzikira, gavern inowedzera simba rinopinda (semuenzaniso, kuvhura vharuvhu yemhepo kana kuwedzera kuyerera kwemvura), kuwedzera simba rinobuda. Kudzora kwekutanga kunoshanda nekukurumidza (masekondi kusvika makumi emasekonzi) uye kunomisa mwero wekuderera, asi kazhinji hakudzore frequency chaiyo kune nominal; inongoisimbisa pamutengo mutsva, uri pedyo.
3. Kudzora kwechipiri (AGC)
Kudzora Kugadzira Otomatiki (AGC) kunoshanda nechiyero chemakumi emasekonzi kusvika kumaminitsi kuti kudzorere frequency ku nominal uye kudzora power exchange pakati penzvimbo dzakabatana. AGC inotumira setpoints kuma regulating units kuti agadzirise zvikanganiso zvefrequency uye power flow deviations.
4. Kudzora kwepamusoro uye kuronga nguva (kutonga kwepamusoro / kutumira)
Izvi zvigadziriso zvekushanda kwehupfumi paminiti imwe chete paawa, zvinosanganisira zvibvumirano zvekugadzira, kutenderera kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetera mari, uye kudzokororwa kwekuchengetedza mikana yekuchengetedza.
Basa rekuchengetedza simba uye rekudzivirira
Kuti varambe vachichengetedza mafrequency, vashandi vemasystem vanopa simba rekuchengetedza. Iyi backup inogona kunge iri muchimiro chemajenareta anoshanda pasi pesimba repamusoro saka anogona kukwidziridzwa nekukurumidza, kana kuti zvinhu zvinochaja nekukurumidza zvakaita semabhatiri nemajenareta epamusoro. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvakaita seunder-frequency load shedding (UFLS), iyo inodzikisa mutoro zvishoma nezvishoma kana frequency yadzikira pasi pemwero wakati. UFLS inoshanda se "emergency brake" kudzivirira kuparara kwesystem. Kunyange hazvo vatengi vangangoerekana vadzima magetsi munzvimbo imwe chete, chiyero ichi chinogona kuchengetedza system yakakura kubva pakudzima magetsi zvachose.
Zvimwe zvinodzivirira zvinogonawo kushandiswa kana huwandu hwacho hwanyanya kukwira, zvakaita sekuraira kuti huwandu hudzikiswe. Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti huwandu hwacho chiratidzo chehutano hwesystem chinofanira kutariswa zvakanyanya.
Matambudziko emazuva ano: simba rinogona kushandiswazve uye masisitimu akavakirwa pa inverter
Kubatanidzwa kwesimba rinodzokororwa—kunyanya zuva (PV) nemhepo—kunounza matambudziko matsva pakudzora mafrequency. Magenerator mazhinji anodzokororwa akabatana negrid kuburikidza nema inverters, pane magenerator makuru anoenderana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mupiro wekusagadzikana kwechisikigo unodzikira. Sisitimu inova yakareruka zvakanyanya, saka kuchinja kwemutoro kana kusagadzikana kunogona kukonzera kuchinja kwemafrequency nekukurumidza (kukwira kwekuchinja kwemafrequency).
Kuti izvi zviitike, matekinoroji matsva akagadzirwa, akadai sema synthetic inertia inverters, droop control mumabhatiri, uye fast frequency response (FFR), ayo anogona kupinza simba mukuputika kupfupi. Mabhatiri egrid-scale anogona kutopindura mumazana emamilliseconds, zvichibatsira kuderedza kudonha kwemafrequency control ye turbine isati yatanga kushanda.
Kukanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwezvishandiso uye kushanda zvakanaka
Mafambiro asina kugadzikana anogona kukanganisa mashandiro emhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo:
– Mota dzemagetsi: kuchinja kwekumhanya, kutsvedza kunowedzera, tembiricha inokwira kana mamiriro ekunze akaoma akaramba kwenguva yakareba.
– Matransformer nemidziyo yemagineti: shanduko dzemafrequency dzinokanganisa kurasikirwa kwemukati uye kugona kwe saturation pasi pemamwe mamiriro, kunyangwe sisitimu ichiwanzoita kuti shanduko dzive diki.
– Midziyo yemagetsi: inowanzoshandisa magetsi anochinjika, asi ichiri kuda simba remhando yepamusoro kuti rive rakavimbika.
– Maitiro eindasitiri: ayo anoda kuwiriraniswa uye kugadzikana kwekumhanya anogona kunzwa kutsauka kwema frequency.
Saka, kuchengetedza mashandisirwo emagetsi kakawanda hakusi kungobatsira vashandisi vehurongwa chete, asiwo kuchengetedza kushanda kwemidziyo uye mhando yebasa revatengi.
Mhedziso
Kuwanda kwemagetsi mu grid remagetsi chinhu chakakosha chinoratidza kuenzana pakati pekugadzirwa kwemagetsi nekushandiswa kwawo. Kuwanda kwemagetsi kwe50 Hz kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, kutonga kwekutanga nekwechipiri (AGC), kuronga mashandiro, uye kuchengetedza magetsi. Kana paine matambudziko makuru, dziviriro yakaita seUFLS inogona kudzivirira kuparara kwemagetsi. Munguva yekuchinja kwesimba, kuwedzera kwezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa inverter kunoda nzira itsva dzakadai sekusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi uye kukurumidza kupindura kwemafambiro emagetsi. Nekutarisira kwakanaka kwema frequency, sisitimu yemagetsi inogona kushanda zvakadzikama uye zvakavimbika, uye ichishandira zvinodiwa nemagetsi munharaunda.
