Chiphunzitso cha Zochita cha John Searle: Kuwulula Miyeso ya Chilankhulo ndi Zenizeni
John Searle ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino afilosofi amakono, popeza adapanga malingaliro okonzedwa bwino a mbali zosiyanasiyana za filosofi, kuphatikizapo chilankhulo, malingaliro, ndi zenizeni za anthu. Chimodzi mwa zopereka zazikulu za Searle ndi chiphunzitso chake cha zochita, chomwe chimafufuza mozama ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chilankhulo ndi zenizeni. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza chiphunzitso cha John Searle cha zochita, chiyambi chake, malingaliro ofunikira, ndi tanthauzo lake pakumvetsetsa kwathu chilankhulo ndi zenizeni za anthu.
Chiyambi cha Filosofi ya Zochita ya Searle
John Searle anabadwa mu 1932 ku United States ndipo adapeza digiri yake ya PhD ku yunivesite ya Oxford. Mphamvu ya nzeru zosanthula za chilankhulo, makamaka ntchito za J.L. Austin ndi Ludwig Wittgenstein , imamveka kwambiri mu ntchito ya Searle. M'buku lake, "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language" (1969), Searle akukulitsa lingaliro la Austin la "speech acts" m'njira yolongosoka komanso yokwanira.
Chizolowezi cholankhula ndi chinthu chomwe chimachitika kudzera mu mawu. Mwachitsanzo, ponena kuti "Ndikulonjeza," munthu samangonena mawu okha komanso amachita chizolowezi cholonjeza. Chizolowezi cholankhulachi chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulankhulana ndi anthu ndipo chimalola anthu kulankhulana ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zenizeni za anthu.
Kapangidwe Koyambira ka Machitidwe a Kulankhula
Searle amatchula zigawo zitatu zazikulu mu zochita zolankhula: malo, illocution, ndi perlocution. Zigawo zitatuzi zimapanga dongosolo loyambira lomwe limafotokoza momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito ngati chida chochitira zinthu zachikhalidwe.
1. Chizolowezi cha Kulankhula: Ichi ndi chizolowezi cholankhula mawu okhala ndi tanthauzo linalake. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akanena kuti “Kukugwa mvula,” chizolowezi chawo cha kulankhula chimatanthauza kuti kukugwa mvula.
2. Chilamulo Chosalankhula: Ichi ndi chichitidwe chochita chinachake polankhula mawu. Mu chitsanzo chakuti “Kukugwa mvula,” chichitidwe chosalankhula chingakhale kupereka chidziwitso kwa omvera chokhudza nyengo.
3. Kulankhula Mogwirizana ndi Mawu: Izi ndi zomwe mawu olankhulidwa amabweretsa kwa omvera. Mwachitsanzo, womvera amene akumva kuti “Kukugwa mvula” angasankhe kubweretsa ambulera kapena kuganiziranso mapulani ake.
Mwa kusiyanitsa mbali zitatuzi, Searle imapereka njira yowonjezereka yomvetsetsa momwe chilankhulo sichili chida cholankhulirana chokha, komanso chida chopangira zochita zenizeni za anthu.
Kugawa Malamulo Okhudza Kusamvera Malamulo
Searle adapititsa patsogolo kugawa kwa zochita zosayenera m'magulu asanu akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi ntchito yosiyana komanso cholinga chosiyana pakulankhulana:
1. Woyimira: Cholinga cha izi ndi kuulula zomwe zachitika kapena zenizeni. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mawu kapena malipoti.
2. Malangizo: Cholinga cha izi ndi kulimbikitsa chipani china kuti chichitepo kanthu. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo zopempha, maoda, kapena malingaliro.
3. Kupereka uthenga: Izi zikuphatikizapo kudzipereka kwa wokamba nkhani kuchitapo kanthu mtsogolo. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kulonjeza kapena kupereka.
4. Kulankhula momveka bwino: Cholinga cha izi ndi kufotokoza momwe wokamba nkhani akumvera kapena momwe akumvera. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mawu oyamikira, kupepesa, kapena kuyamikira.
5. Kulengeza: Kuchita izi kumabweretsa kusintha kwa udindo kapena zenizeni pagulu pongolankhula. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kukwatira mnzanu, kupereka chilango, kapena kusiya ntchito.
Cholinga ndi Ntchito Yozindikira ya Chilankhulo
Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu mu chiphunzitso cha Searle cha zochita ndi cholinga, katundu wa malingaliro ndi mawu omwe amawatsogolera ku zinthu kapena momwe zinthu zilili padziko lapansi. Searle amaona chilankhulo ngati chowonjezera cha mphamvu ya munthu yoganizira mwadala, kutanthauza, malingaliro omwe amatanthauza kapena okhudza chinthu china.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Searle, zochita za chilankhulo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka maganizo athu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akalonjeza, samangonena mawu okha, komanso amakhala ndi maganizo enaake okhudza tsogolo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo sichingamveke mosiyana ndi kapangidwe ndi ntchito zamaganizo a anthu.
Zenizeni za Anthu
Chiphunzitso cha zochita cha Searle chilinso ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakumvetsetsa kwathu zenizeni za anthu. M'buku lake lakuti “The Construction of Social Reality” (1995), Searle adapereka lingaliro lakuti mbali zambiri za dziko lathu la anthu zimapangidwa kudzera mu zochita za chilankhulo. Iye adatcha lingaliro ili “mfundo za bungwe,” zomwe zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga ndalama, katundu, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulamuliro ndi miyambo ya anthu.
Mfundo za bungwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mfundo zazikulu, zomwe ndi mfundo zomwe zilipo popanda zikhulupiriro kapena zochita za anthu, monga mapiri kapena mapulaneti. Mfundo za bungwe, kumbali ina, zimadalira mgwirizano wa anthu onse komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zimakhala ndi phindu chifukwa pali mgwirizano wa anthu kuti zili ndi phindu. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga ndi kusunga zinthu zovuta za anthu.
Kudzudzula ndi Chitukuko
Monga ziphunzitso zambiri za filosofi, chiphunzitso cha Searle cha zochita zolankhulirana sichinapewe kutsutsidwa. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti Searle amagogomezera kwambiri udindo wa chilankhulo popanga zenizeni za anthu, akunyalanyaza zinthu zina monga mphamvu ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu. Kuphatikiza apo, akuti kugawa machitidwe olankhulirana kwa Searle sikukuwonetsa mokwanira zovuta ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zochita zolankhulirana zomwe zimachitika.
Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsidwa kumeneku, zopereka za Searle zikadali zofunika kwambiri ndipo zalimbikitsa kafukufuku wowonjezereka mu filosofi ya chilankhulo ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ntchito yake yayambitsa zokambirana zambiri komanso chitukuko cha ziphunzitso, kuphatikizapo kusanthula momwe ukadaulo wa digito ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti zimakhudzira momwe timalankhulirana ndikupangira zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha zochita cha John Searle chimapereka chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe chilankhulo sichili chida cholankhulirana chokha, komanso njira yopangira ndikumvetsetsa zenizeni za anthu. Mwa kugawa zochita za chilankhulo m'zigawo zoyambira monga malo, mawu ofotokozera, ndi mawu ofotokozera, ndikugawa zochita za mawu ofotokozera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, Searle imapereka dongosolo lokwanira losanthula ndikumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuyanjana kwa anthu.
Malingaliro okhudza cholinga ndi mfundo za bungwe mu ntchito ya Searle amakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa malingaliro, chilankhulo, ndi dziko la anthu. Ngakhale kuti akukumana ndi kutsutsidwa, malingaliro awa akadali ofunikira ndipo amapanga maziko ofunikira ofufuza ndi kukambirana kwambiri mu filosofi yamakono. Chifukwa chake, chiphunzitso cha zochita cha John Searle sichimangowonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu chilankhulo ndi kulumikizana komanso chimapereka chida champhamvu chowunikira kuti tifufuze ndikumvetsetsa zovuta za zenizeni za anthu.
