Zoona Zenizeni ndi Nominalism mu Metaphysics
Pegantar
Metaphysics ndi nthambi ya filosofi yomwe imafufuza mtundu wa zenizeni, kuphatikizapo kukhalapo, zinthu ndi makhalidwe awo, malo ndi nthawi, chifukwa, ndi kuthekera. M'mbiri ya filosofi, imodzi mwa mikangano yofunika kwambiri ya metafizikiki yakhala pakati pa zenizeni ndi nominalism. Magulu awiriwa amapereka malingaliro osiyana kwambiri pa kukhalapo kwa malingaliro osamveka bwino ndi zamoyo zonse.
Zoona Zenizeni: Kukhalapo Kwapadziko Lonse
Kuwona zinthu m'chilengedwe, pankhani ya metaphysics, kumatanthauza chikhulupiriro chakuti zinthu zonse (monga chilungamo, umunthu, kapena nzeru) zimakhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha popanda maganizo a munthu. Plato anali m'modzi mwa ochirikiza kwambiri lingaliro ili. Mu chiphunzitso chake cha Mafomu kapena Malingaliro, Plato anati chilichonse chomwe chili m'dziko lapansi ndi mthunzi kapena chiwonetsero cha mitundu yangwiro yomwe ilipo m'dziko losakhala la thupi komanso lamuyaya.
Kuwona zenizeni kungagawidwe m'mitundu ingapo, kuphatikizapo:
1. Platonic Realism: Imatanthauza chiphunzitso cha Plato chakuti zinthu zonse ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo m'dziko losiyana komanso lapamwamba lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa "dziko la mawonekedwe".
2. Aristotle Realism: Mosiyana ndi Plato, Aristotle anaphunzitsa kuti zinthu zonse zimapezeka mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, "blueness" si chinthu chosiyana koma chili mu chinthu chilichonse chabuluu.
Kuwona zinthu m'njira yeniyeni kuli ndi mphamvu yapadera pofotokoza momwe tingalankhulire ndi kuganizira za mfundo zambiri, komanso momwe tingazindikire makhalidwe omwewo m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Asayansi ambiri ndi akatswiri afilosofi amathandizira lingaliro ili chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake ndi kumvetsetsa kwasayansi malamulo a chilengedwe chonse.
Kudzitcha Dzina: Kukana kwa Universals
Kudzitcha dzina ndi lingaliro lotsutsana ndi zenizeni, lonena kuti zinthu zonse zilibe moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Wothandizira wamkulu wa lingaliroli ndi William wa ku Ockham, yemwe amadziwika ndi mfundo yake ya "Ockham's Razor" - kuti kufotokozera kosavuta nthawi zambiri kumakhala bwino. Malinga ndi Ockham, palibe chifukwa choganiza kuti pali zinthu zomwe si zakuthupi pomwe tingathe kufotokoza china chake popanda izo.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nominalism, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kutchula Zinthu Mopitirira Muyeso: Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, pali anthu enaake okha ndipo mawu wamba ndi mayina omwe timagwiritsa ntchito pophatikiza zinthu motsatira kufanana kwina.
2. Kuganiza Mozama: Lingaliro limeneli limavomereza kukhalapo kwa malingaliro ambiri, koma m'maganizo mwa munthu mokha. Motero, zinthu zonse zilipo, koma monga malingaliro amaganizo okha, osati ngati zinthu zodziyimira pawokha.
Kudzitcha dzina la munthu (nominalism) kuli ndi chikoka chapadera chifukwa kumachotsa kufunika kotsimikizira kuti pali dziko lovuta komanso losamvetsetseka lomwe silingaonekere mwachindunji. Izi zimapangitsa kuti likhale logwirizana ndi mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya kulamulira zinthu ndi mfundo zosavuta zasayansi.
Mavuto ndi Kudzudzulidwa
Kuwona zinthu monga zenizeni komanso kudzinenera kuti ndi zinthu zina kumakumana ndi mavuto komanso kutsutsidwa kuchokera m'malingaliro osiyanasiyana a filosofi:
Kutsutsa Zoona Zenizeni
1. Vuto la Kutenga nawo Mbali: Lingaliro la Plato loti zinthu zakuthupi ziyenera kutenga nawo mbali kapena kuyika ndalama m'mawonekedwe awo angwiro limabweretsa mafunso ambiri ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kodi zinthu zakuthupi “zimatenga nawo mbali” motani m'mawonekedwe osakhala a thupi?
2. Kupezeka kwa Zinthu Zosaoneka: Kodi zinthu zosaoneka zingakhudze bwanji dziko lapansi? Kodi timadziwa bwanji za izo? Kutsutsa kumeneku kumachokera ku lingaliro la empiricist lomwe limakayikira zinthu zosaoneka.
Kudzudzula kwa Nominalism
1. Vuto la Kufananiza: Kodi tingafotokoze bwanji luso lathu lozindikira kufanana kapena kusiyana kwa mfundo popanda kuganiza kuti pali zinthu zonse?
2. Vuto Losamvetsetseka: Kodi anthu amapanga bwanji malingaliro ambiri kuchokera ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana za anthu?
Mayankho ndi Kugwirizana
Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, akatswiri ena afilosofi ayesa kuphatikiza mbali zonse ziwiri kapena kupereka njira zosiyana kotheratu.
1. Kumanga: Lingaliro limeneli limati zinthu zonse ndi zinthu zomwe timaganiza kapena kulankhula chifukwa cha zosowa zathu zenizeni. Zinthu zonse sizili zokha, koma si mayina okha.
2. Zinthu Zodalira Maganizo: Akatswiri ena afilosofi amanena kuti zinthu zamoyo zonse zingaganizidwe ngati zinthu zodalira maganizo koma zimakhala ndi maudindo ambiri ofunika pa kumvetsetsa kwathu dziko lapansi.
Zotsatira zake mu Sayansi ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Mkangano pakati pa zenizeni ndi nominalism si nkhani chabe; ulinso ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pamadera osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso.
1. Sayansi Yachilengedwe: Nkhani ya zinthu zonse imayamba m'magulu asayansi monga zamoyo, malamulo a sayansi ya zamoyo, ndi zina zotero. Kodi ndi zinthu zomwe zapezeka zomwe zimasonyeza zinthu zenizeni za dziko lapansi, kapena ndi njira zothandiza chabe?
2. Makhalidwe ndi Malamulo: Pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino, nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuti mfundo za makhalidwe abwino n’zopanda tsankho komanso sizidalira maganizo a anthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mfundo yakuti zinthu za makhalidwe abwino n’zofanana ndi za anthu, ingathandize kukhulupirira kuti zinthu za makhalidwe abwino n’zogwirizana ndi mfundo za anthu, pomwe mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimaonedwa ngati mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mapeto
Kuwona zenizeni ndi kudzinenera kumapereka njira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri zomvetsetsa malingaliro a anthu onse ndi osamveka. Ngakhale kuti kuoneka kwenikweni kumapereka maziko olimba omvetsetsa malamulo ambiri ndi zofanana, kudzinenera kumapereka njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yothanirana ndi mavuto a zinthu zauzimu. Vuto lalikulu mu filosofi ndikupanga chiphunzitso chomwe chimaphatikiza ubwino wa malingaliro onse awiri kapena kupereka njira yatsopano yomwe ingayankhe mafunso ofunikira a zinthu zauzimu okhudza malingaliro, zinthu, ndi zenizeni.
