Tanthauzo la Nihilism Malinga ndi Nietzsche
Nihilism ndi imodzi mwa mawu ofunikira kwambiri mu filosofi ya Friedrich Nietzsche. Komabe, mawuwa nthawi zambiri amamvedwa molakwika ngati "kukhulupirira chilichonse," "moyo ndi wopanda pake," kapena "chilichonse chololedwa chifukwa palibe makhalidwe abwino." Kwa Nietzsche, nihilism si kungoganiza kuti munthu ali ndi chiyembekezo, koma ndi chochitika chachikulu m'chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo: mkhalidwe wakale momwe makhalidwe apamwamba omwe akhala akuchirikiza tanthauzo la moyo kwa nthawi yayitali amataya mphamvu zawo zomangirira. Choncho, nihilism ndi vuto la tanthauzo—osati vuto la malingaliro okha.
Muzu wa Vutoli: "Imfa ya Mulungu" ndi Kugwa kwa Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri
Kuti timvetse mfundo yakuti Nietzsche ndi wopanda chikhulupiriro, tiyenera kumvetsetsa mawu ake otchuka akuti: "Mulungu wafa." Iyi si mfundo yosavuta ya zaumulungu yoti Mulungu ndi wafadi. Ndi njira yodziwira chikhalidwe: zikhulupiriro zauzimu ndi zachipembedzo zomwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri zakhala maziko a makhalidwe abwino, cholinga, ndi dongosolo la dziko la Kumadzulo zikuchulukirachulukira. Sayansi yamakono, kutsutsa mbiri yakale, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa nzeru zapangitsa anthu ambiri kuti asakhulupirirenso maziko akale.
Pamene “Mulungu” monga chizindikiro chachikulu cha tanthauzo likugwa, makhalidwe abwino omwe amadalira pa iye amachepanso: lingaliro la choonadi chenicheni, makhalidwe abwino onse, cholinga m'moyo chokhazikitsidwa kuchokera “kumwamba,” ndi chitsimikizo chakuti kuvutika kuli ndi tanthauzo loposa. Kwa Nietzsche, ichi ndi chipata chopita ku nihilism: tikukhalabe ndi magulu akale a makhalidwe abwino, koma maziko omwe kale ankawathandiza akhala osalimba. Zotsatira zake, anthu amakono amadzipeza ali mu mkhalidwe wa “pakati”: sakhulupiriranso mokwanira makhalidwe akale, koma osatha kupanga atsopano.
Kukana Kukhulupirira Mulungu Monga Chizindikiro: Kutaya "Chifukwa" cha Moyo
Nietzsche ankaona kuti kukana Mulungu ndi chinthu chomwe anthu amataya yankho la funso lakuti "kodi cholinga chake n'chiyani?" Analemba kuti kukana Mulungu ndi chinthu chimachitika pamene "mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri zimataya kufunika kwake." Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zomwe kale zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zamtengo wapatali kwambiri—chowonadi, ubwino, chipulumutso, cholinga chabwino—siziperekanso chilimbikitso cha moyo. Anthu amapitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo wawo, kufunafuna ntchito, udindo, zosangalatsa, komanso makhalidwe abwino, koma osatsimikiza kuti zinthu zimenezi ndi zofunikadi.
Apa ndi pomwe kukana kukhala munthu wopanda nzeru sikungokhala chiphunzitso chokha, koma chidziwitso chenicheni: kumva wopanda pake, kutopa, kukayikira, kapena kumverera kuti zonse zomwe zakwaniritsidwa sizili ndi tanthauzo. Koma Nietzsche sasiya mbali ya maganizo. Amagogomezera mbali ya chikhalidwe: kukana kukhala munthu wopanda nzeru kumatha kuonekera mu zaluso, ndale, sayansi, ndi momwe anthu amaonera anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene moyo wachepetsedwa kukhala njira zamoyo, kapena pamene makhalidwe abwino asandulika kukhala malamulo opanda pake, opanda mzimu, timawona zizindikiro za kukana kukhala munthu wopanda nzeru.
Kupanda Kudzipereka ndi Kupanda Kudzipereka
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Nietzsche adapereka chinali kusiyanitsa zizolowezi ziwiri za kukana kuchita zinthu mopanda tsankho: kungokhala chete ndi kuchita zinthu mopanda tsankho.
Kukana kuchita chilichonse ndi khalidwe lodzipatula. Pamene makhalidwe akale agwa, munthu amatopa mwauzimu: "Sizithandiza," "Ndi chimodzimodzi," "Ndi bwino kusayembekezera." Kukana kuchita chilichonse kumafuna kuthawa: chitonthozo, zosangalatsa, kapena makhalidwe abwino osavuta komanso otonthoza. Kuli pafupi ndi kutopa, kusasamala, ndi chikhumbo chochepetsa mphamvu ya moyo. Mu mawonekedwe ake oopsa, kukana kuchita chilichonse kungathe kufika pa chikhumbo "chosowa" kuchokera ku kulimbana ndi moyo.
Kumbali ina, kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu yowononga yomwe imatsegulanso mwayi watsopano. Imazindikira kuti makhalidwe akale sali okwanira ndipo mwadala "imachotsa" malingaliro onyenga omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi opatulika. Kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu sikungokhala kudana ndi moyo, koma ndi mayeso, vuto, komanso "kuwononga" makhalidwe abwino kuti anthu athe kumanganso. M'lingaliro limeneli, kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi gawo losintha: mkhalidwe woopsa, komanso wofunikira pakukonzanso.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa: Nietzsche sanatamande chiphunzitso cha nihilism. Iye ankachiona ngati vuto lalikulu loti lithetsedwe, osati mapeto okha.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Makhalidwe Abwino Achikhalidwe Ndiwo Magwero a Nihilism?
Nietzsche ankanena kuti chiphunzitso cha kumadzulo cha nihilism chinayambira kalekale chisanafike masiku ano, makamaka m'miyambo ya metaphysics ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe amaika "dziko lenileni" pamwamba pa "dziko lino." Madongosolo ambiri afilosofi ndi achipembedzo—m'mawerengedwe a Nietzsche—amaphunzitsa kuti moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi mthunzi chabe, mayeso, kapena chinthu chotsika; tanthauzo lenileni lili kuseri kwa dziko lapansi: kumwamba, malingaliro osatha, kapena choonadi chopambana.
Kwa Nietzsche, njira iyi yoganizira imabweretsa mbewu za nihilism chifukwa imawononga moyo weniweni. Anthu akaphunzitsidwa kuti mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi chinthu china choposa dziko lapansi, dziko lino limaonedwa kuti ndi losakwanira. Ndipo pamene chikhulupiriro cha dziko lapamwamba chigwa, chomwe chimatsala ndi "dziko lino"—koma taphunzira kale kulichepetsa. Zotsatira zake, anthu amataya maziko ake a tanthauzo: dziko lapamwamba limatayika, koma kuthekera kokonda dziko lino kumafookanso. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nihilism imatha kukhala yozama kwambiri.
Nietzsche anatsutsanso makhalidwe abwino omwe ankakhulupirira kuti anachokera ku "kudzimana moyo," monga makhalidwe abwino omwe amalemekeza kufooka, kudzimva wolakwa, kapena kudzipereka kwambiri. Malinga ndi maganizo ake, khalidwe labwino lamtunduwu, ngakhale likuwoneka ngati "laulemu," lingathe kuwononga mphamvu za munthu ndi kulimba mtima kuti atsimikizire moyo.
Kugonjetsa Nihilism: Kupanga Makhalidwe Atsopano
Ngati kukana Mulungu ndiko kugwa kwa makhalidwe abwino, ndiye kuti kuthawa sikutanthauza kubwerera ku zinthu zakale zotsimikizika. M'malo mwake, Nietzsche amalimbikitsa anthu kupanga makhalidwe atsopano— makhalidwe abwino omwe sadalira dziko lapamwamba koma amachokera ku kutsimikizira kwa moyo weniweniwo.
Apa mutu waukulu wa Nietzsche ukuonekera: Übermensch (nthawi zambiri amamasuliridwa kuti "superman" kapena "superman," ngakhale kuti kumasulira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosokeretsa). Übermensch si munthu wongopeka chabe, koma ndi chizindikiro cha umunthu wokhoza kupitirira vuto la nihilism mwa kupanga tanthauzo. Sayembekezera malamulo akunja—ochokera kwa Mulungu, miyambo, kapena dongosolo la makhalidwe abwino—koma amatenga udindo wokhala “wopereka phindu.”
Lingaliro lina lofunika ndi chifuniro cha mphamvu. Ichi si chikhumbo chongolamulira ena, koma mphamvu yaikulu ya moyo kuti ikule, imasulire, ipange, ndikugonjetsa zopinga. Mkati mwa dongosololi, kupitirira kukana Mulungu kumatanthauza kulola mphamvu yolenga ya moyo kuti igwire ntchito: kupanga, kuwunika, kuyesa, ndikumanga moyo wamphamvu kwambiri.
Mayeso Opambana Kwambiri: Amor Fati ndi "Kubwerera Kwamuyaya"
Nietzsche anaperekanso njira yodziwira momwe munthu wagonjetsera kukana kukhala ndi moyo: amor fati—chikondi cha tsogolo. Uku si kusiya, koma ndi mtima wotsimikiza: kukhala wokhoza kunena “inde” ku moyo, kuphatikizapo kuvutika, kulephera, ndi kupanda ungwiro, monga gawo la zonse zomwe timasankha kulandira.
Chogwirizana ndi ichi ndi lingaliro la kubwereranso kosatha: ganizirani moyo wanu, m'mbali zake zonse, kubwerezabwereza kosatha. Kodi mungautsutse, kapena mungaulandire? Kwa Nietzsche, kuthekera kotsimikizira moyo mwanjira imeneyi ndikotsutsana kwambiri ndi kukana kukhala ndi moyo. Ngati kukana moyo kumati "moyo suyenera kukhala ndi moyo," ndiye kuti kutsimikizira kwa Nietzsche kumati "moyo ndi wofunika kukhala ndi moyo—ngakhale uyenera kubwerezabwereza kosatha."
Mapeto
Malinga ndi Nietzsche, nihilism ndi vuto la makhalidwe ndi tanthauzo lomwe limabwera pamene maziko a zinthu zauzimu ndi zachipembedzo ataya mphamvu zawo. Nihilism si kungomva ngati munthu ali wopanda pake, koma ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu: "makhalidwe apamwamba kwambiri amataya phindu lawo." Nietzsche amasiyanitsa pakati pa nihilism yofooketsa, yopanda pake ndi nihilism yogwira ntchito yomwe ingakhale ngati mlatho wopita ku kukonzanso. Amaona mizu ya nihilism mu mwambo womwe umawononga dziko lino m'malo mwa lina, kotero kuti pamene "dziko lina" likugwa, dziko lino limamva ngati lopanda kanthu.
Koma Nietzsche sanali mneneri wa kutaya mtima. Iye anali katswiri wodziwa bwino za matenda komanso woganiza bwino amene ankafuna kupititsa patsogolo anthu kupitirira kusakhala okhulupirira Mulungu. Njira yotulukira ili m'kulenga makhalidwe atsopano, kutsimikizira moyo, kulimba mtima kutenga udindo pa tanthauzo, ndi kuthekera konena "inde" ku moyo—munjira yonse. M'lingaliro limenelo, kusakhala okhulupirira Mulungu kwa Nietzsche ndi mphepo yamkuntho yoopsa, komanso mwayi: pamene makhalidwe akale akugwa, anthu akutsutsidwa kuti akhale olenga, osati olandira cholowa chabe.
