Kusanthula kwa Filosofi ya Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20. Ntchito zake sizinangopanga maziko a zilankhulo ndi filosofi yosanthula, komanso zinasintha momwe timaganizira za chilankhulo, tanthauzo, ndi zenizeni. Nkhaniyi ifufuza lingaliro la Wittgenstein, kuyang'ana kwambiri nthawi ziwiri zazikulu mu ntchito yake: nthawi yoyambirira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus yake, ndi nthawi yomaliza, yokhazikika pa Kafukufuku wake wa Filosofi.
Mbiri ndi Moyo
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein anabadwa pa Epulo 26, 1889, ku Vienna, Austria. Banja lake linali lolemera komanso lophunzira bwino, zomwe zinapatsa Wittgenstein mwayi wopeza maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Anaphunzira uinjiniya wa makina asanapite ku filosofi ku Cambridge motsogozedwa ndi Bertrand Russell. Russell ndi Frege anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa Wittgenstein, makamaka pakusintha maganizo ake ali mwana.
Wittgenstein analemba Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus pamene anali kutumikira usilikali panthawi ya Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba, yomwe inasindikizidwa mu 1921. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, anakhala nthawi ngati mphunzitsi ku Austria komanso nyumba ya amonke asanabwerere ku Cambridge kukaphunzitsa ndikupitiriza ntchito yake, yomwe pamapeto pake inapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wa Filosofi, wofalitsidwa atamwalira mu 1953.
Nthawi Yoyambirira: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Malo Akuluakulu
Buku lakuti Tractatus ndi njira ya Wittgenstein yoyesera kuthetsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za filosofi kudzera mu kusanthula kwa chilankhulo mwanzeru. M'bukuli, akunena kuti dziko lapansi lili ndi mfundo, osati zinthu. Mfundo ndi zochitika kapena zochitika zomwe zimasonyeza momwe zinthu zimakonzedwera. Lingaliro limeneli limadziwika kuti "chiphunzitso cha chithunzi cha tanthauzo."
Malingaliro ndi Malingaliro
Malinga ndi Wittgenstein, lingaliro ndi chizindikiro chomveka bwino cha zenizeni. Kapangidwe ka lingaliro kamasonyeza kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi, komwe zinthu za chilankhulo zimagwirizana ndi zinthu. Chifukwa chake, chilankhulo chimagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha zenizeni. Lingaliro ili likuonekera bwino m'mawu otchuka a Wittgenstein kumapeto kwa Tractatus: "Zomwe zinganenedwe, zitha kunenedwa momveka bwino; ndipo pamene munthu sangathe kulankhula, ayenera kukhala chete."
Kufunika ndi Kudzudzula
Mfundo imeneyi ikunena kuti mawu ambiri achikhalidwe a filosofi ndi opanda tanthauzo chifukwa sakugwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi. Wittgenstein adati mavuto ambiri a filosofi amabwera chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsa chilankhulo. Kutsutsa kwa Tractatus kunaphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti filosofi yokha siingatheke ngati mavuto onse a filosofi akukhudza mfundo za chilankhulo, ndipo izi zinapangitsa Wittgenstein kuganizira kwambiri zomwe zinayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'maganizo mwake.
Nthawi Yotsatira: Kafukufuku wa Filosofi
Kusintha kwa Paradigm
Patapita nthawi kuchokera pamene Tractatus inafalitsidwa, Wittgenstein anayamba kukayikira mfundo zina zofunika zomwe adapereka kale. Mu Filosofical Investigations, anasintha kwambiri maganizo ake, nayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothandiza komanso yogwirizana ndi nkhani ya chilankhulo.
Masewera a Zilankhulo (Masewera a Zilankhulo)
Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za ntchitoyi ndi "masewera a zilankhulo." Mawuwa amatanthauza mfundo yakuti kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chinenero kamakhala ndi nkhani zambiri ndipo kamasiyana malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, zolinga zolumikizirana, ndi miyambo ya anthu. Chilankhulo sichimaonedwanso ngati mndandanda wa malingaliro omwe ayenera kuwonetsa zenizeni, koma ngati chida chomwe chili gawo la zochita za anthu.
Malamulo ndi Moyo
Wittgenstein anagogomezera kufunika komvetsetsa malamulo a masewera a zilankhulo ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Iye anati, chinenero ndi "mtundu wa moyo," kutanthauza kuti tanthauzo la mawu ndi ziganizo limatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kumveka bwino kwa chilankhulo sikulinso nkhani ya nzeru, koma momwe mawu amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe amamvetsetsedwera m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kafukufuku wa Filosofi
Mutu wina wofunikira mu Filosofical Investigations ndi wotsutsana ndi zofunikira. Wittgenstein amatsutsa malingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza kufunika kwa malingaliro a filosofi, monga "tanthauzo," "malingaliro," kapena "chifuniro." Iye akunena kuti tiyenera kupewa kufunafuna tanthauzo lobisika la malingaliro awa m'malo mwake kuyang'ana momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kudzudzula ndi Mphamvu
Kudzudzula Wittgenstein pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza malingaliro akuti nzeru zake zingayambitse kusinthasintha kwa chilankhulo kapena kutaya njira yokhazikika yopezera choonadi. Komabe, mphamvu ya Kufufuza kwa Filosofi ndi yosatsutsika, makamaka m'maphunziro a zilankhulo, anthropology, ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kusanthula kwa Wittgenstein komwe kunachitika m'nkhani yake kunaperekanso maziko olimba a kayendetsedwe ka filosofi yosanthula ndi pambuyo pa kusanthula.
Zopereka ndi Cholowa
Malingaliro a Wittgenstein akhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu, yokhudza maphunziro ena opitilira filosofi, monga zilankhulo, anthropology, psychology, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe. Njira yake yowunikira chilankhulo mwatsatanetsatane komanso mozama yathandiza kutsegula malingaliro atsopano okhudza momwe timamvetsetsera kulankhulana, tanthauzo, ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu.
Kuwunika kwa Wittgenstein za filosofi yachikhalidwe ndi njira yake yoganizira, yomwe inali yofotokozera bwino kuposa yokhazikika, kunapangitsanso kupita patsogolo kwa njira zofufuzira za filosofi. Ntchito yake imaphunzitsa malingaliro otsutsa malingaliro oyambira pakumvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu, zomwe zimatilimbikitsa kuganiziranso maziko omwe nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati osafunikira.
Mapeto
Ludwig Wittgenstein akadali munthu wofunika kwambiri mu filosofi yamakono, ndi nthawi ziwiri zosiyana koma zokhutiritsa mofanana mu ntchito yake. Kuchokera ku kusanthula kwanzeru mu Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus mpaka njira yolankhulirana mu Filosofical Investigations, Wittgenstein amapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa chilankhulo ndi tanthauzo. Luntha lake lofufuza ndi kulimba mtima kwanzeru kumamupangitsa kukhala munthu amene apitiliza kuphunziridwa ndi kuganiziridwa, zomwe zimatsegula njira ya masukulu atsopano a malingaliro ndi malingaliro mu filosofi ndi maphunziro ena a tsiku ndi tsiku.
