Kant ndi Chiphunzitso cha Kukongola Kokongola
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya malingaliro akumadzulo. Amadziwika kwambiri ndi ntchito zake zazikulu mu epistemology ndi makhalidwe abwino, koma zopereka zake ku kukongola—makamaka chiphunzitso chake cha kukongola—ndizofunikanso. Mu Critique of Judgment yake (1790), Kant adapanga dongosolo lokongola lomwe linkayesa kugwirizanitsa dera la chidziwitso (kumvera malamulo) ndi dziko la makhalidwe abwino (ufulu). Ndi mkati mwa dongosololi momwe chiphunzitso cha Kant cha kukongola chimaonekera : kukongola si chinthu cha zinthu zokha, kapena nkhani yongofuna munthu, koma mtundu wapadera wa chiweruzo, chokhala ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse koma chopanda malingaliro.
Chiyambi: Ntchito Yaikulu ya Kant
Kuti timvetse bwino momwe Kant amaonera kukongola, ndikofunikira kufufuza mwachidule ntchito yake ya filosofi. Mu Critique of Pure Reason, Kant akufotokoza momwe chidziwitso cha sayansi chingathekere; pomwe mu Critique of Practical Reason, akuwunika maziko anzeru a makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, pali kusiyana: chilengedwe chimamveka ngati gawo la causality, pomwe makhalidwe abwino amafuna ufulu. Critique of Judgment imagwira ntchito ngati "mlatho" womwe umafotokoza momwe anthu angamvere mgwirizano pakati pa chilengedwe ndi ufulu kudzera muzochita zokongola komanso teleology.
Motero, kukongola kwa Kant sikuti ndi chiphunzitso cha zaluso chabe, koma ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la dongosolo lalikulu la filosofi: limathandiza kufotokoza momwe anthu angawonere dziko lapansi ngati "loyenera" kumvetsetsa ndi kukhalamo, popanda kusokoneza ufulu wa anthu pa makhalidwe abwino.
Kuyesa Kukongola ndi "Kukoma"
Kant amaika chiweruzo chokongola mkati mwa “mphamvu ya chiweruzo” (Urteilskraft). Chiweruzo chokongola kwambiri ndi chiweruzo cha kukongola, mwachitsanzo pamene wina anena kuti, “Duwa ili ndi lokongola,” kapena “Chojambula chimenecho ndi chokongola.” Malinga ndi Kant, ziweruzo za kukongola zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina iwiri ya chiweruzo:
1. Chiweruzo cha m'maganizo (chidziwitso): kuweruza chinthu motengera mfundo ndi umboni; mwachitsanzo, “madzi amawira pa 100°C.”
2. Chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino: kuweruza motsatira malamulo ndi udindo wa makhalidwe abwino; mwachitsanzo, “kunama n’kolakwika.”
3. Chiweruzo chokongola: kuweruza potengera momwe munthu akumvera kapena kusasangalala, koma ndi makhalidwe apadera omwe sakufanana ndi zomwe amakonda nthawi zonse.
Kant anati luso loweruza kukoma kwa kukongola, koma anakana lingaliro lakuti kukoma ndi kukonda kwa munthu payekha ("Ndimakonda, simukukonda"). M'malo mwake, kuweruza kukongola kuli ndi kapangidwe kovuta kwambiri.
"Nthawi" Zinayi Zowunikira Kukongola
Kant ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha kusanthula kwake kuweruza kukongola kudzera mu "mphindi" zinayi (zomwe zimagwirizana ndi magulu a malingaliro): khalidwe, kuchuluka, ubale, ndi machitidwe. Mphindi zinayi izi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake kuweruza "izi ndi zokongola" kumamveka ngati kwaumwini koma kumafuna kuvomerezedwa ndi ena.
1) Ubwino: Zosangalatsa Zopanda Chidwi
Khalidwe loyamba la kukongola ndilakuti kumakhala kosangalatsa popanda kudzikonda. Tikasangalala ndi chinthu chifukwa cha ubwino wake—monga chakudya chifukwa chimatikhutiritsa—sichinthu chongoganizira za kukongola kokha. Mofananamo, tikamakonda chinthu chifukwa chakuti chili ndi makhalidwe abwino kapena udindo pagulu.
Kwa Kant, chisangalalo chokongola ndi chisangalalo chopanda chikhumbo chofuna kukhala nacho kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Timasilira kukongola kwa duwa popanda chifukwa cholitola, kuligulitsa, kapena kuligwiritsa ntchito mwanjira ina. Khalidwe "lopanda chidwi" limeneli ndi lomwe limapangitsa kuti kukongola kukhale koyera komanso kumasiyanitsa ndi kungokonda chabe.
2) Kuchuluka: Kufunika Kwa Onse Popanda Lingaliro
Ngakhale kuti kuweruza kukongola kumachokera ku zomwe munthu akukumana nazo ("Ndimasangalala"), Kant akunena kuti munthu akamanena kuti "izi ndi zokongola," kwenikweni amafuna kuti ena avomereze. Apa ndi pomwe mbali ya chilengedwe chonse imaonekera: sitikunena kuti "Ndimakonda izi," koma "izi ndi zokongola."
Komabe, kufalikira kwa zinthu ndi chinthu chachilendo: sikudalira mfundo kapena malamulo enieni. Sitingathe kutsimikizira kukongola monga momwe tingatsimikizire njira ya masamu. Kukongola ndi "komwe kumachokera kuzinthu zonse": komwe kumafuna zinthu zonse, komwe kumachokera ku zinthu zomwe zimachitika.
3) Ubale: Cholinga chopanda Cholinga
Malinga ndi Kant, kukongola kumawoneka ngati kuli ndi cholinga kapena dongosolo—ziwalo zake zimamveka zoyenera, zogwirizana, “zoyenera”—koma zopanda cholinga chenicheni. Ichi ndi chimene anachitcha kukhala ndi cholinga popanda cholinga, kapena “kukhala ndi cholinga popanda cholinga.”
Mwachitsanzo, poyang'ana ntchito ya zaluso kapena malo achilengedwe, timaona kuti mawonekedwewo akuwoneka kuti akonzedwa kuti asangalatse malingaliro athu, ngakhale kuti sitingathe kuloza ku cholinga chothandiza monga "kuti chida ichi chigwire ntchito" kapena "kukwaniritsa ntchito inayake ya zamoyo." Kukongola kumapereka chithunzi cha dongosolo lomwe ndi labwino kwa malingaliro, koma sikutigwira ntchito inayake.
4) Machitidwe: Chitsanzo Chofunikira
"Mphindi" yachinayi ikufotokoza chifukwa chake kuweruza kokongola kumamveka ngati kogwirizana pang'ono. Kant anati tikamaweruza chinthu chokongola, timamva kuti "chiyenera" kuvomerezedwa ndi ena—osati chifukwa chakuti takakamizidwa ndi nzeru kapena lamulo, koma chifukwa cha mtundu wina wa kufunikira kofanana. Timaganiza kuti pali sensus communis: lingaliro lofanana la chiweruzo mkati mwa anthu.
Sensus communis sizitanthauza kuti aliyense nthawi zonse amavomereza; m'malo mwake, ndi lingaliro lakuti anthu, monga zolengedwa zanzeru zomwe zili ndi kapangidwe kofanana ka chidziwitso, amatha kugawana zokumana nazo zokongola ndikukambirana za izo.
Kusewera Kwaulere kwa Maganizo ndi Kumvetsetsa
Mfundo yaikulu ya maganizo (kapena yeniyeni, kapangidwe kake) ya zomwe Kant anakumana nazo pa kukongola ndi kusewera mwaulere pakati pa mphamvu ziwiri: malingaliro ndi kumvetsetsa. Muzokumana nazo zamaganizo, malingaliro "amatumikira" kumvetsetsa: deta yamaganizo imakonzedwa kuti igwirizane ndi malingaliro. Muzokumana nazo zokongola, malingaliro ndi kumvetsetsa zimagwirizana popanda kuletsedwa ndi lingaliro lililonse. Zotsatira zake ndi lingaliro lapadera la chisangalalo—chisangalalo cha malingaliro kumva ali moyo, kuyenda, ndi kupeza mgwirizano.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kukongola sikungokhala zinthu zakunja zokha, komanso momwe maganizo a munthu amagwirira ntchito akayang'anizana ndi mawonekedwe.
Kukongola kwa Chilengedwe ndi Kukongola kwa Zaluso
Kant anasiyanitsa kukongola kwachilengedwe ndi kukongola kwa zaluso. Kukongola kwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa kuti ndi "koyera" chifukwa sikukhudza cholinga cha munthu; kumaoneka ngati mphatso yochokera ku chilengedwe mwachindunji. Komabe, Kant anapatsanso luso kufunika, makamaka likapangidwa ndi luntha.
Luso ndi Zaluso
Kwa Kant, luntha ndi luso lachilengedwe lomwe limapanga ntchito zoyambirira zaluso, zomwe malamulo ake sangaphunzitsidwe kudzera mu maphikidwe. Luntha limapanga "malamulo" kudzera mu ntchito yake, m'malo motsatira zomwe zinalipo kale. Komabe, Kant adagogomezeranso kuti luso siliyenera kukhala kuphulika kopanda mawonekedwe kwa malingaliro; luso lazojambula limafunikirabe luso ndi kudziletsa, kuti malingaliro apitirize "kusewera" polumikizana ndi kumvetsetsa kwa omvera.
Lingaliro la Kant la luso linali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chikondi ndi kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa wojambulayo ngati munthu wapadera wolenga.
Chodabwitsa: Kupitirira Kukongola
Kuwonjezera pa kukongola, Kant akufotokoza za zomwe zimachitika pa chinthu chapamwamba. Ngakhale kukongola kumakhudzana ndi mgwirizano wa mawonekedwe ndi kusewera kwa ufulu, chinthu chapamwamba chimakhudzana ndi zochitika zazikulu kapena zodabwitsa zomwe zimaposa mphamvu ya malingaliro—monga kuona thambo lopanda malire lodzaza ndi nyenyezi, phiri lalikulu, chimphepo chachikulu, kapena nyanja yayikulu.
Mu chithunzi chowala, tingamve mantha kapena mantha, koma timazindikiranso kuti nzeru ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri: chilengedwe chingakhale chachikulu, koma mwa anthu muli mphamvu zamakhalidwe abwino komanso zomveka zomwe sizingagonjetsedwe kwathunthu ndi chilengedwe. Apanso cholinga cha dongosolo la Kant chikuonekera bwino: kukongola kumathandiza kulumikiza zomwe chilengedwe chikukumana nazo ndi ulemu wa ufulu wa anthu.
Kufunika kwa Chiphunzitso cha Kant cha Kukongola Masiku Ano
Chiphunzitso cha Kant cha kukongola chikadali chofunikira kwambiri pakukambirana zamakono za kukongola, makamaka chifukwa chimapereka njira yomvetsetsa chifukwa chake mikangano yokhudza zaluso nthawi zambiri imayamba. Timaona kuweruza kokongola ngati nkhani ya "zokonda zathu," komanso ngati nkhani yovuta kutsimikizira moona mtima. Kant amapereka chilankhulo cha kupsinjika kumeneku: kuweruza kokongola ndi kwaumwini, komabe kuli ndi zomwe anthu onse amanena zobadwa chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka maganizo a munthu komanso cholinga cha sensus communis.
Mu nthawi ya malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, komwe malingaliro okongola nthawi zambiri amachepetsedwa kukhala "zokonda" ndi "zosakonda," Kant akutikumbutsa kuti kukongola kokhwima kumafuna kusakhudzidwa, kutseguka, ndi kuthekera kokambirana. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti aliyense ayenera kuvomereza, koma kuti titha kuyesetsa kumvetsetsa malingaliro a ena, kukonza zigamulo zathu, ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa zomwe timakonda, makhalidwe abwino, ndi kukongola ngati chochitika chowunikira.
Kutseka
Kant adapanga chiphunzitso cha kukongola kokongola ngati chiweruzo chapadera chowunikira: chozikidwa pa chisangalalo chopanda kudzikonda, kupanga malingaliro onse popanda malingaliro, kuwonetsa cholinga chopanda zolinga, ndikubweretsa kufunikira kwa zitsanzo kudzera mu sensus communis. Chidziwitso cha kukongola chimachokera ku kusewera kwaulere kwa malingaliro ndi kumvetsetsa, pomwe chidziwitso chapamwamba chimavumbula malire a malingaliro komanso kutalika kwa kulingalira kwa anthu ndi ufulu.
Kudzera mu kukongola, Kant samangoyankha funso lakuti "chokongola n'chiyani," komanso akuwonetsa momwe kukongola kumathandizira anthu kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa dziko lachilengedwe ndi dziko la ufulu. Kwa Kant, kukongola sikungokhala kokongoletsa moyo kokha, koma njira imodzi yomwe anthu amaonera okha ngati anthu omwe angathe kugawana tanthauzo, kukhala ndi mgwirizano, ndikudzitsogolera ku ufulu.
