Lingaliro la Kukhalapo Malinga ndi Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20, makamaka kudzera mu buku lake lakuti Sein und Zeit (Kukhala ndi Nthawi, 1927). M'bukuli, Heidegger akufunsa funso lomwe amaliona ngati lofunika kwambiri koma losanyalanyazidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya filosofi ya Kumadzulo: kodi "kukhala" kapena "kukhalapo" (Kukhala/Sein) kumatanthauza chiyani? Mosiyana ndi mwambo wachilengedwe, womwe nthawi zambiri umakambirana za "kukhala" ngati lingaliro losamveka kapena ngati chinthu chokhazikika m'zinthu, Heidegger amayamba ndi zomwe anthu amakhala, amakhala, komanso akukumana ndi dziko latsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera pamenepa pamabwera lingaliro lake lalikulu la kukhalapo kwa munthu monga Dasein—“kukhala-kumeneko”—komwe kumatsegula njira yomvetsetsa tanthauzo la kukhalapo.
Funso la "Kukhala" ndi ndemanga ya Heidegger pa miyambo ya filosofi
Malinga ndi Heidegger, nzeru zakumadzulo kuyambira Plato ndi Aristotle zakhala zikuyang'ana kwambiri pa "zolengedwa" (zinthu, zamoyo, Seiendes): zinthu, miyoyo, malingaliro, zinthu, Mulungu, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, nzeru sizimafunsa mozama za "Kukhala" (Sein), mkhalidwe womwe umapangitsa kuti chilichonse "chikhalepo." "Kukhala" si chinthu kapena chinthu chomwe tingachiloze; ndi tanthauzo la tanthauzo lomwe limalola china chake kuoneka ngati china chake. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Heidegger amatcha polojekiti yake "ontology yoyambira": kuyesa kufukula maziko a mafunso onse okhudza zenizeni.
Kutsutsa kwa Heidegger makamaka kumayang'ana kwambiri pa chizolowezi cha "kuiwala Kukhalapo" (Seinsvergessenheit). Anthu akamaona dziko lapansi ngati gulu la zinthu zomwe zingathe kufotokozedwa, kuyezedwa, kapena kulamulidwa, amataya mgwirizano wozama ndi tanthauzo la kukhalapo. Heidegger sakukana sayansi, koma amakhulupirira kuti njira yasayansi yolunjika ku chinthu sikokwanira kuyankha funso lofunika kwambiri: momwe chinthu chimaonekera kukhala chothandiza kwa ife.
Dasein: munthu monga "kukhalapo-m'dziko"
Pofuna kuyankha funso la Kukhalapo, Heidegger samayamba nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku lingaliro losamveka bwino, koma m'malo mwake kuchokera ku chinthu chomwe chingathe kufunsa za Kukhalapo: anthu. Anthu, kwa Heidegger, si "zolengedwa zomveka bwino" kapena "anthu" omwe akukumana ndi "zinthu." Amatcha anthu Dasein, zomwe zikutanthauza "kukhalapo." Mawuwa akugogomezera kuti anthu nthawi zonse amakhala kale mkati mwa dziko lapansi, mkati mwa zochitika, mbiri, maubwenzi, zilankhulo, ndi ntchito za moyo.
Lingaliro lofunika apa ndi Kukhala-m'dziko (In-der-Welt-sein), "kukhala-m'dziko." Izi zikutanthauza kuti kukhalapo kwa anthu sikungalekanitsidwe ndi dziko lapansi ngati malo okhala ndi tanthauzo. Dziko lapansi si malo osalowerera ndale; ndi mgwirizano: ntchito, banja, zizolowezi, zida, zolinga, makhalidwe abwino, ndi anthu ena. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, sitimaona zinthu ngati "zinthu zakuthupi," koma ngati chinthu chothandiza: nyundo yokhomerera msomali, chitseko chotsegulira, foni yam'manja yolankhulirana. Dziko lapansi lilipo makamaka ngati netiweki ya ntchito ndi zokonda.
Momwe chinthu chimaperekedwera: "chokonzeka kuvala" ndi "chodziwika bwino"
Heidegger amasiyanitsa njira ziwiri zazikulu zomwe chinthu chimawonekera kwa Dasein. Choyamba, monga chokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Zuhanden), chomwe nthawi zambiri chimamasuliridwa kuti "chokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito" kapena "chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja." Izi zikutanthauza zinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pazochitika zathu. Tikalemba, kiyibodi simakhala chinthu choyang'aniridwa; "imasowa" mu kusinthasintha kwa machitidwe, pamene ikugwirabe ntchito ngati gawo la kulemba.
Chachiwiri, monga present-at-hand (Vorhanden), "yooneka" kapena "present-in-the-face," ndiko kuti, pamene chinachake chikuwoneka ngati chinthu choti chiwonekere. Mwachitsanzo, kiyibodi ikasweka ndipo tisiya kulemba, imaoneka ngati chinthu choti chiwunikidwe: timayesa makiyi, ndondomeko, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka. Heidegger akugogomezera kuti "kukonzekera-to-hand" ndi chinthu choyambirira kuposa "chooneka," chifukwa miyoyo yathu ndi yothandiza komanso yotanganidwa, osati kungoganizira chabe.
"Iwo" ndi moyo weniweni wa tsiku ndi tsiku
Nthawi zambiri, Dasein amakhala mu "moyo watsiku ndi tsiku." Mu mkhalidwe uwu, anthu amakonda kulowerera mu zomwe Heidegger adatcha das Man—nthawi zambiri zimamasuliridwa kuti "Iwo" kapena "anthu ambiri." "Iwo" ndi kusadziwika kwa anthu: njira zodziwika bwino zolankhulirana, malingaliro otchuka, miyezo yovomerezeka ya kupambana, chizolowezi chodzizindikiritsa ndi ena. Pano, anthu sapanga zisankho zozama, koma m'malo mwake amatsatira "momwe ziyenera kukhalira."
Heidegger amatcha vutoli kuti "kusakhala ndi moyo weniweni," osati m'lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino (osati kusokonezedwa ndi chinyengo), koma m'lingaliro la kukhalapo: anthu sanayambebe kutenga udindo wa kukhalapo kwawo ngati kwawo. Moyo ukangoyenda ndi kayendedwe kake, anthu amasiya mafunso ofunikira okhudza tanthauzo la miyoyo yawo , zofooka zawo, ndi mwayi wawo wapadera.
Nkhawa, kusiyidwa, ndi kuthekera kokhala iwe mwini
Komabe, Heidegger sanaganize kuti anthu amakhala mumkhalidwe wosatsimikizika kwamuyaya. Pali zochitika zomwe zimasokoneza chizolowezi ndikukakamiza Dasein kuti adziyang'anire yekha. Chimodzi mwa zochitika zotere ndi nkhawa (Angst), yomwe nthawi zambiri imamasuliridwa kuti "nkhawa" m'lingaliro la kukhalapo. Mosiyana ndi mantha (Furcht), omwe ali ndi chinthu china chake (monga kuopa agalu), Angst alibe cholinga chomveka bwino; ndi mkhalidwe wokhalapo pamene dziko lomwe nthawi zambiri limamva kuti ndi lodziwika bwino mwadzidzidzi limamva "lopanda kanthu" kapena "losatsimikizika." Mu nkhawa, anthu amazindikira kuti chithandizo cha anthu kapena machitidwe sapereka chitsimikizo cha tanthauzo lenileni.
Nkhawa imasonyeza mfundo yakuti Dasein ndi cholengedwa "choponyedwa" (Geworfenheit): sitisankha banja, chikhalidwe, nthawi, kapena thupi lomwe timabadwiramo. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, Dasein ndi cholengedwa "chopangidwa" (Entwurf): nthawi zonse tikupita ku mwayi, kukonzekera, kusankha, ndi kupanga miyoyo yathu. Kukhalapo kwa anthu ndi kuphatikiza kwa kuponyedwa ndi kuonekera—tili kale mu mkhalidwe winawake, koma tiyenera kukhalabe chinachake.
Kukhala-kufa ndi kutsimikizika
Lingaliro lodziwika bwino komanso lomwe nthawi zambiri silimvetsetseka bwino mu Heidegger ndi lakuti “kukhala-kuti-kufa” (Sein-zum-Tode). Heidegger sakulimbikitsa kukayikira, koma akunena kuti imfa ndiye njira yodziwika kwambiri komanso yosapeŵeka. Palibe amene angalowe m'malo mwa imfa yathu; ndi yathu. Kudziwa za imfa kumapangitsa anthu kumvetsetsa kuti nthawi ya moyo ndi yochepa, motero zosankha za moyo sizingachedwetsedwe kwamuyaya.
Pamene Dasein akukumana ndi imfa ngati chinthu chomwe chingakhalepo nthawi zonse, amatha kukhala ndi moyo weniweni: osati kungotsatira "Iwo," koma kudziwa zomwe zimafunika kwambiri pa moyo potengera kumvetsetsa kuti moyo ndi wochepa. Kukhala woona mtima sikutanthauza kukhala pawekha kapena kukana anthu, koma kutenga udindo pa zosankha za moyo, kuvomereza zofooka, ndikukhalabe wotseguka ku mwayi wopindulitsadi.
Nthawi ngati malire a tanthauzo la kukhalapo
Kwa Heidegger, chinsinsi chomvetsetsa Kukhalapo ndi nthawi. Kukhalapo kwa Dasein ndi nthawi chifukwa anthu nthawi zonse amasuntha pakati pa zakale (kutayika: cholowa, zokumana nazo, mkhalidwe), zomwe zilipo (kuchita zinthu ndi dziko lapansi), ndi mtsogolo (zotheka zomwe zanenedweratu). Heidegger amakana kumvetsetsa nthawi ngati mndandanda wa "masiku ano" osuntha, ngati wotchi. Nthawi yokhalapo ndi momwe anthu amatanthauzira moyo kudzera m'kukumbukira, kuchita zinthu, ndi chiyembekezo.
Motero, kukhalapo sikungamveke ngati chinthu chosasinthika. Kukhalapo kumakhala kosinthasintha: anthu amakhala okha m'nthawi. Chifukwa chake, funso la Kukhalapo pamapeto pake limakhudzana ndi momwe Dasein "amakhalapo" kwakanthawi—momwe amatanthauzira moyo wake, kusankha, ndi kuthana ndi malire ake.
Mapeto: kufunika kwa lingaliro la Heidegger
Lingaliro la Heidegger lokhala ndi malingaliro olakwika komanso aukadaulo limatsutsa njira zoganizira anthu mopanda tsankho. Heidegger akutipempha kuti tibwerere ku chidziwitso chofunikira: kuti nthawi zonse timakhala kale m'dziko lofunika, ndi ena, lokhala ndi zofooka ndi kuthekera. Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa Dasein, "Iwo," nkhawa, kukhala-kufa, ndi nthawi, Heidegger akuwonetsa kuti kumvetsetsa kukhalapo si kungochita zinthu mwanzeru, komanso kuyitanira kukhala ndi moyo mwanzeru komanso mwaulemu.
Pomaliza, funso la Heidegger—"Kodi tanthauzo la Kukhalapo ndi chiyani?"—si nkhani ya chiphunzitso cha zinthu zauzimu zokha , komanso nkhani ya momwe anthu amakhalira ndi moyo wawo. Kukhalapo si chinthu chomwe tili nacho ngati chinthu, koma chinthu chomwe timakhala nacho: ntchito yokhala tokha m'dziko losinthasintha nthawi zonse.
