Chiphunzitso cha Choonadi cha Relativism
Mu filosofi, funso lakuti “chowonadi n’chiyani?” lakhala poyambira pa mikangano yambiri ikuluikulu. Ena amaona kuti chowonadi ndi chokhazikika komanso chofala, pomwe ena amachiona kuti chimadalira pa mikhalidwe inayake: chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, malingaliro, kapena nthawi. Apa ndi pomwe chiphunzitso cha chowonadi chimalowa. Kugwirizana kwa chowonadi kumanena kuti chomwe chili “chowonadi” sichimangokhala chowonadi chenicheni chomwe chili chofanana kwa anthu onse ndi mikhalidwe yonse, koma chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo inayake.
Kumvetsetsa Kugwirizana kwa Choonadi ndi Zinthu Zina
Kawirikawiri, kudalirana kwa chowonadi ndi lingaliro lakuti phindu la chowonadi la mawu limadalira momwe akukhalira. Nkhaniyi ikhoza kukhala chikhalidwe, miyambo ya anthu, zikhulupiriro, chilankhulo, kapena ngakhale malingaliro a munthu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mawu angaonedwe ngati oona mu dongosolo lina, koma osalondola—kapena opanda tanthauzo—mu lina.
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana kumasiyana ndi kungoti "aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi maganizo ake." Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana kumakhudza momwe choonadi chilili, osati kusiyana kwa zokonda. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga akuti "Chakudya chokometsera ndi chokoma" amagwera kwambiri m'malo omwe anthu amakonda. Koma mawu monga akuti "Njira zina zovalira sizili zoyera" akhoza kukhala chitsanzo cha momwe choonadi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri chimadalira miyambo ya m'deralo.
Mizu ya Chiphunzitso Choti Kulikonse Kumadalira Munthu
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana si lingaliro latsopano. M'mbiri ya filosofi ya Kumadzulo, anthu monga Protagoras (wafilosofi wakale wachigiriki) nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro okhudza kuti zinthu zimadalirana kudzera mu mawu ake otchuka akuti: "Munthu ndiye muyeso wa zinthu zonse." Mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri amatanthauziridwa kuti amatanthauza kuti zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoona kapena zenizeni zimadalira munthu monga mutu wa zomwe akumana nazo komanso chiweruzo.
Mu chitukuko chamakono, kudalirana kwa zinthu kwawonekera kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthropology, sociology of knowledge, ndi filosofi ya chilankhulo. Akatswiri a anthropology apeza kuti madera osiyanasiyana ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, machitidwe a makhalidwe abwino, ndi "choonadi" cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi zimalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti chowonadi, makamaka pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino ndi miyambo, sichingalekanitsidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Mitundu ya Kukhulupirira Kuti Chowonadi Chili Choona
Kukhulupirira kuti choonadi chimadalira zinthu zina sikuti nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amodzi. Pali kusiyana komwe nthawi zambiri kumakambidwa:
1. Kukhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe chimadalira zinthu zina
Chowonadi—makamaka chowonadi cha makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe—chimaonedwa kuti chimadalira chikhalidwe. Chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chabwino, cholondola, kapena choyenera m'chikhalidwe china chingaonedwe kuti ndi cholakwika m'chikhalidwe china. Mwachitsanzo, momwe mungapatsire moni makolo, makhalidwe abwino patebulo, komanso malamulo a ukwati zimatha kusiyana kwambiri.
2. Kukhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi maganizo ofanana ndi ena (kudalira maganizo enaake)
Chowonadi chimaonedwa ngati chimadalira munthu payekha. Lingaliro limeneli nthawi zambiri limamveka ngati "ndizoona kwa ine." Komabe, ngati likugwiritsidwa ntchito mozama kwambiri, lingaliro lakuti munthu payekha ali ndi zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mfundo zake lingayambitse mavuto: kodi mumasiyanitsa bwanji chowonadi ndi zikhulupiriro zolakwika za munthu payekha?
3. Kuganiza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro ndi zilankhulo
Kukhudzidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti chilankhulo chimapanga momwe anthu amamvetsetsera dziko lapansi. Ngati kapangidwe ka chilankhulo ndi malingaliro zimasiyana, ndiye kuti "chowonadi" chomwe chingafotokozedwe ndikumveka chidzasiyananso. Mkati mwa dongosololi, mawu owona ndi abodza sagwirizana ndi dongosolo la malingaliro lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito.
4. Kuganiza kuti zinthu sizili bwino malinga ndi mmene zilili
Pogogomezera kuti miyezo yotsimikizira chidziwitso (chomwe chimapanga umboni wamphamvu, njira zovomerezeka, ndi ulamuliro wodalirika) imasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale chowonadi cha sayansi chingamveke mkati mwa kusintha kwa malingaliro, ngakhale kuti si akatswiri onse afilosofi omwe amavomereza kuti sayansi ndi yosiyana kotheratu.
Kukhulupirira Kuti Zinthu Zili Ngati Zachibadwa ndi Chowonadi cha Makhalidwe Abwino
Limodzi mwa magawo amphamvu kwambiri a kudalirana kwa zinthu ndi makhalidwe abwino. Kudalirana kwa makhalidwe abwino kumanena kuti palibe miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino yomwe imagwira ntchito kwa aliyense. M'malo mwake, makhalidwe abwino amaweruzidwa kuti ndi abwino kapena oipa kutengera miyambo ya anthu enaake.
Ubwino wa njira imeneyi ndi wakuti imalimbikitsa kulekererana ndi kuchepetsa chizolowezi choweruza zikhalidwe zina malinga ndi miyezo ya munthu. Iye akutikumbutsa kuti miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi mbiri, momwe chuma chilili, chipembedzo, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu. Komabe, kutsutsa kwake kwakukulu ndikuti kudalira makhalidwe abwino kungapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kutsutsa machitidwe omwe amavulaza anthu, monga chiwawa chamtundu uliwonse kapena kusankhana mitundu. Ngati chilichonse chili chofanana, tinganene motsimikiza kuti chochitacho "ncholakwika" pamaziko otani?
Mikangano Yochirikiza Chiphunzitso Choti Kulikonse Kumadalira Munthu
Ochirikiza mfundo yakuti zinthu sizili choncho nthawi zambiri amapereka zifukwa zingapo:
- Kusiyanasiyana kwa zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe
Mfundo yakuti anthu ali ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyana nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati umboni wakuti palibe choonadi chimodzi. Ngati zoona zonse zili zomveka bwino chonchi, n’chifukwa chiyani pali kusiyana kwakukulu chonchi?
- Kugwirizana ndi nkhani
Mawu ambiri amakhala ndi tanthauzo pokhapokha ngati timvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a makhalidwe abwino amasiyana malinga ndi malo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti "choyenera" ndi "cholakwika" m'dziko la anthu sizingalekanitsidwe ndi chilengedwe.
- Kutsutsa zomwe akunena
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu sizili choncho nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukana ulamuliro wa gulu lina lonena kuti ndi zoona zenizeni ndikukakamiza ena kuti azilamulira. M'mbuyomu, kunena kuti ndi zoona zenizeni nthawi zina kwakhala kukugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda, kupondereza, kapena kutengeka maganizo.
Kutsutsa kwa Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu sizili bwino kumakumananso ndi mavuto aakulu. Kutsutsa kodziwika bwino kumakhudza vuto la kudzitsutsa: ngati kuvomereza kuti zinthu sizili bwino kumati "chowonadi chonse ndi chosiyana ndi cha munthu," kodi mawu amenewo amaonedwa kuti ndi ogwirizana kapena ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense? Ngati ndi ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense, ndiye kuti pali chowonadi chimodzi chomwe chimafooketsa kuvomereza kuti zinthu sizili bwino. Ngati ndi ogwirizana ndi munthu wina, ndiye kuti ena angachikane popanda vuto lililonse.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudalira zinthu zomwe zili mu relativism kungayambitse mavuto mu:
- Kukambirana ndi kuwunika kwa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana
Ngati palibe miyezo yofanana, kodi timakambirana bwanji kusamvana kwa makhalidwe abwino? Kodi timathetsa bwanji kusamvana kwa makhalidwe abwino kapena ndale?
- Sayansi ndi mfundo zowona
Mu sayansi, zoonadi zambiri zimayesedwa kudzera m'njira zofanana: kuyang'ana, kuyesa, ndi kubwerezabwereza. Ngakhale kutanthauzira kungasiyane, ambiri amanena kuti pali mbali zina za zenizeni zomwe sizidalira chikhalidwe, monga malamulo oyambira a sayansi.
- Ngozi ya "aliyense ndi ofanana"
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana nthawi zambiri kumamvedwa molakwika ngati kukana: ngati kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa lingaliro lokhazikika ndi lopanda pake. Komabe, ngakhale mkati mwa dongosolo lokhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana, tikhozabe kuwunika ngati zomwe akunenazo zikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya anthu ammudzi kapena momwe zagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Kukhulupirira Kuti Zinthu Zimadalira Munthu Kapena Munthu Zinazake Kumadalira Munthu Wina M'moyo Wamakono
Mu nthawi ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndi intaneti, mfundo yakuti choonadi chimadalira zinthu zina ndi yofunika. Timakumana ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mbiri, ndale, chipembedzo, ndi umunthu. Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amafulumizitsa kuyanjana kwa malingaliro, komanso amapanga "zipinda zolumikizirana" zomwe zimalimbitsa chowonadi cha munthu.
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zimadalirana kungatithandize kukhala odzichepetsa kwambiri: kuzindikira kuti malingaliro athu amapangidwa ndi malo athu. Koma kumafunikanso kuwonjezeredwa ndi maganizo otsutsa kuti tisagwere mumsampha woganiza kuti umboni, deta, ndi kulingalira sizofunika kwenikweni.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha relativist cha choonadi chimagogomezera kuti choonadi nthawi zonse sichimakhala chokhazikika, koma nthawi zambiri chimadalira chikhalidwe china, chilankhulo, njira, kapena malingaliro. Lingaliro limeneli ndi lothandiza kumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu ndikulimbikitsa kulolerana. Komabe, relativist imatsutsidwa kwambiri, makamaka ponena za momwe imatsutsana yokha komanso kuvutika kukhazikitsa miyezo yofanana ya chiweruzo.
Mu dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri, kudalirana kwa zinthu kungakhale chida choganizira bwino: kutipempha kuti tiganizire nkhaniyo tisanaweruze. Komabe, kuti tipitirize kukhala ndi phindu, kudalirana kwa zinthu kuyenera kutsagana ndi kudzipereka pakukambirana mwanzeru, kuwona mtima kwanzeru, komanso kufunafuna mfundo zofanana—makamaka pankhani zokhudzana ndi chitetezo, chilungamo, ndi ulemu wa anthu.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera zitsanzo zenizeni (monga za malamulo, makhalidwe abwino, kapena chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino) kapena kupanga nkhani yophunzirira bwino yokhala ndi maumboni ambiri ndi mawu anzeru.
