Plato ndi Chiphunzitso cha Mitundu ya Malingaliro
Plato (pafupifupi 427–347 BC) anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri m'mbiri ya malingaliro akumadzulo. Anakhalapo nthawi yamavuto andale komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Greece Yakale, makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Peloponnesian yomwe inafooketsa Athens. Pamkhalidwe umenewo, Plato anaganizira mafunso ofunikira: Kodi chilungamo n'chiyani? Kodi tingadziwe bwanji chilichonse motsimikiza? N'chifukwa chiyani dziko lapansi likuwoneka kuti likusintha, komabe tikhozabe kulankhula za zoona zosasinthika? Kuchokera ku kufufuza kumeneku kunabadwa lingaliro lomwe linakhala chizindikiro cha filosofi ya Plato, yomwe ndi Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu/Maganizo, lingaliro la metaphysical ndi epistemological lomwe limaika "Maganizo" ngati chenicheni chofunikira kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha lingaliro la Plato
Plato anali wophunzira wa Socrates, munthu wotchuka chifukwa cha njira yake yolankhulirana komanso kufunafuna matanthauzo enieni a mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino monga ubwino ndi chilungamo . Imfa ya Socrates—yomwe inaphedwa ndi khoti la ku Atene—inasiya chizindikiro chosatha pa Plato. Anaona kuti maganizo a anthu ambiri akhoza kukhala olakwika, ndipo moyo wandale wopanda maziko olimba a chidziwitso ukhoza kuipitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, Plato anakakamizidwa kuti apange maziko okhazikika a chidziwitso kuposa malingaliro chabe (doxa). Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu/Maganizo chinali kuyesa kufotokoza momwe chidziwitso chenicheni (episteme) chingakhalirepo.
Kodi "Mawonekedwe" kapena "Lingaliro" amatanthauza chiyani?
M'mawu a Plato, "Fomu" kapena "Lingaliro" (eidos) si lingaliro lodziyimira pawokha monga "lingaliro" la tsiku ndi tsiku. Mawonekedwe ndi chenicheni chenicheni chomwe chili chamuyaya, chosasintha, changwiro, komanso chapadziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, tikamanena kuti chinthu ndi "chokongola," timaganizira zinthu zambiri zokongola: zojambula, nkhope, maluwa, kapena nyimbo. Koma zonse zili ndi zolakwika, ndipo kukongola kwawo kumatha kusiyana. Malinga ndi Plato, zitsanzo zonse za kukongola "zimatenga nawo mbali" mu mawonekedwe omwewo, omwe ndi Mawonekedwe a Kukongola okha—kukongola kwangwiro komanso kosasintha.
Choncho, dziko lapansi lagawidwa m'magawo awiri:
1. Dziko la maganizo (dziko lodabwitsa): dziko limene timaliona, kulikhudza, ndi kuliona tsiku lililonse. Dzikoli likusintha, silikhazikika, ndipo limangopereka chidziwitso chosatsimikizika.
2. Dziko la Maonekedwe (dziko lomveka bwino): dziko lomwe lingafikiridwe ndi nzeru, lili ndi Maonekedwe omwe sasintha ndipo ndi maziko a zinthu zonse.
N’chifukwa chiyani Plato anafunikira chiphunzitso cha mawonekedwe?
Plato anakumana ndi vuto lakale: ngati chilichonse padziko lapansi chisintha, kodi tingakhale bwanji ndi chidziwitso china? Mwachitsanzo, tebulo lingasweke, mitundu imatha kuzimiririka, anthu amakalamba, ngakhale malamulo a anthu amasintha. Ngati chidziwitso chimadalira dziko losintha lokha, ndiye kuti chomwe tili nacho ndi kungoganiza chabe. Plato ankanena kuti chidziwitso chenicheni chimafuna chinthu chokhazikika. Mafomu, monga zenizeni zokhazikika, ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino.
Chitsanzo chosavuta: tikhoza kuzindikira ma triangle ambiri (ojambulidwa papepala, pazenera, pa zizindikiro za pamsewu), koma ma triangle onse m'dziko lenileni samakhala angwiro kwenikweni. Pali mizere yokhota pang'ono, ma ngodya osamveka bwino, kapena makulidwe a inki. Koma mu masamu, timalankhula za ma triangle angwiro. Kwa Plato, triangle yangwiro imatanthauza mawonekedwe osasintha a Triangle, omwe angamveke pokhapokha ndi kulingalira.
Kutenga nawo mbali: ubale pakati pa Mafomu ndi zinthu
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu chiphunzitsochi ndi kutenga nawo mbali (methexis): zinthu m'dziko lanzeru "zimatenga nawo mbali" kapena "kutenga nawo mbali" mu Mafomu. Chochita chimatchedwa chifukwa chakuti chimatenga nawo mbali mu Fomu ya Chilungamo. Chinthu chimatchedwa chachikulu chifukwa chimatenga nawo mbali mu Fomu ya Ukulu. Komabe, kutenga nawo mbali kumeneku sikupangitsa chinthucho kukhala chofanana ndi Fomu; chimangowonetsa Fomuyo molakwika.
Apa ndi pamene Plato akugogomezera kusiyana pakati pa makope ndi zoyamba. Dziko la mphamvu ndi kopi, pomwe dziko la Mafomu ndi loyambirira. Timazindikira makope kudzera mu mphamvu, koma timamvetsa zoyamba kudzera mu nzeru.
Fanizo la Phanga: chithunzi cha chidziwitso
Limodzi mwa mafotokozedwe odziwika bwino a Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu likupezeka mu Fanizo la Phanga mu dialogue Republic. Plato akufotokoza gulu la anthu omangidwa unyolo kuyambira kubadwa m'phanga, omwe amatha kuwona khoma lomwe lili patsogolo pawo. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli moto ndi anthu onyamula zinthu kotero kuti mithunzi yawo igwera pakhoma. Akaidi amawona mithunzi iyi ngati yeniyeni.
Pamene m'modzi mwa akaidi amasulidwa ndikutuluka m'phanga, amaona dziko lenileni lakunja: zinthu zenizeni, osati mithunzi. Poyamba, maso ake amamva kupweteka chifukwa cha kuwala, koma pakapita nthawi amatha kuona bwino. Kwa Plato, izi zikuyimira ulendo wa mzimu kuchokera kudziko la malingaliro (mithunzi/malingaliro) kupita kudziko la Maonekedwe (chowonadi/chidziwitso). Dzuwa m'fanizoli nthawi zambiri limatanthauzidwa ngati chizindikiro cha Maonekedwe a Wabwino, gwero la "kuwala" komwe kumapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chitheke.
Pangani Chifundo ngati chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri
Mu kapangidwe ka Mafomu, Plato amaika ulamuliro. Wapamwamba kwambiri ndi Mafomu Abwino. Wabwino si khalidwe lokha , koma mfundo yaikulu yomwe imapangitsa zinthu zonse kukhala zomveka komanso zolinga. Mu Republic, Plato akunena kuti Wabwino "sangakhalepo" mu ulemerero wake, kutanthauza kuti ndiye maziko a chowonadi ndi chenicheni cha Mafomu ena.
Tanthauzo lake ndi lofunika kwambiri: kuti munthu amvetse chilungamo, kukongola, kapena ubwino, ayenera kupita patsogolo kumvetsetsa Zabwino zokha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Plato ankaona kuti wafilosofi—yemwe amakonda nzeru ndi choonadi—ndi woyenera kutsogolera, chifukwa amafunafuna chidziwitso cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri, osati zakanthawi chabe.
Chiphunzitso cha Kukumbukira: kuphunzira ngati "kukumbukira"
Plato anagwirizanitsanso Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu ndi momwe amaonera mzimu. Mu zokambirana za Meno ndi Phaedo, adapereka lingaliro la anamnesis (kukumbukira): kuphunzira kwenikweni ndi kukumbukira chidziwitso chomwe mzimu unali nacho usanabadwe, pamene "unakumana" ndi Mafomu. Chifukwa Mafomu sachokera ku zomwe zimachitikira m'maganizo, kudziwa kwawo sikungachokere mokwanira kuchokera ku kuwona. Zomwe zimachitika zimangoyambitsa kukumbukira, pomwe nzeru zimamanga kumvetsetsa koyera.
Ngakhale lingaliro ili lingamveke ngati nthano kwa owerenga amakono, likuwonetsa mfundo ya Plato: pali zinthu zina za chidziwitso zomwe sizidalira pa chidziwitso cha nzeru zokha, monga malingaliro a masamu, mfundo zomveka, ndi matanthauzo a anthu onse.
Kutsutsa kwa Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu
Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu chinali ndi mphamvu kwambiri, koma chinadzudzulanso, ngakhale wophunzira wa Plato, Aristotle. Funso limodzi lovuta linali lakuti: Kodi Mafomu ali bwanji okhudzana ndi zinthu? Ngati Mafomu ndi osiyana ndi dziko la malingaliro, angakhale bwanji "alipo" m'zinthu? Kutsutsa kwina kunayang'ana kuthekera kwa "kuwirikiza kawiri" kwa zenizeni: ngati pali Mawonekedwe a Munthu ndi anthu payekhapayekha, kodi izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe chinthu chofunikira?
Mu zokambirana za Parmenides, Plato mwiniwake akupereka ndemanga yowunikira kwambiri ya chiphunzitso chake kudzera mu khalidwe la Parmenides, ngati kuti Plato akudziwa zovuta zake zamkati ndipo akulimbikitsa owerenga kuti asavomereze chiphunzitsocho mwachiphamaso. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu si chiphunzitso chosavuta, koma ndi ntchito ya filosofi yomwe imayesedwa nthawi zonse.
Mphamvu ya Chiphunzitso cha Fomu mu mbiri ya malingaliro
Ngakhale kuti panali mkangano, Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu chinakhazikitsa maziko a miyambo yotsatira ya filosofi. Mwachitsanzo, Neoplatonism inapanga lingaliro la zenizeni zambiri zochokera kwa Mmodzi. Mu lingaliro lachikhristu, malingaliro ena a Plato anakhudza momwe timalankhulira za chowonadi, moyo, ndi zenizeni zauzimu. Mu filosofi yamakono, mkangano wokhudza chilengedwe chonse—kaya malingaliro ambiri monga “umunthu” kapena “kukongola” alipodi—nthawi zambiri umachokera ku cholowa cha Plato.
Ngakhale m'makambirano amakono, mafunso a Plato amatsalirabe: kodi masamu "anapezeka" kapena "anapangidwa"? Kodi makhalidwe abwino ndi olondola kapena ogwirizana? Munthu akakhulupirira kuti pali zoona zonse zomwe sizingaganizidwe, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mzimu wa Plato.
Kutseka
"Plato ndi Chiphunzitso cha Maonekedwe" si nkhani yongoganizira za mbiri ya filosofi, koma ndi njira yoganizira za ubale pakati pa zenizeni, chidziwitso, ndi phindu. Posiyanitsa dziko losintha la malingaliro ndi dziko lamuyaya la Maonekedwe, Plato anayesa kuyankha momwe chidziwitso chenicheni chimathekera komanso chifukwa chake anthu amatha kulankhula za chilungamo, kukongola, ndi chowonadi m'njira yachilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti akutsutsidwa, Chiphunzitso cha Maonekedwe chikadali chimodzi mwa malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri omwe adaperekedwapo mu filosofi: kuti pansi pa kusiyanasiyana ndi kupanda ungwiro komwe timawona pali kapangidwe kakuya ka zenizeni, komwe kumapezeka kokha ku kulingalira, kufunafuna chowonadi mwakhama.
