Lingaliro la Chilungamo mu Filosofi Yandale
Chilungamo ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu filosofi yandale. Kuyambira nthawi zakale mpaka nthawi yamakono, filosofi yandale yakhala ikuyesera kufotokoza tanthauzo la chilungamo ndi momwe anthu ayenera kukonzedwera kuti akwaniritse mfundo zake. Akatswiri ambiri afilosofi apereka malingaliro omwe amatanthauzira chilungamo kuchokera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza lingaliro la chilungamo malinga ndi akatswiri angapo otchuka afilosofi, kuphatikizapo Plato, Aristotle, John Rawls, ndi Amartya Sen.
Chilungamo Poganizira za Plato ndi Aristotle
Plato, m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ankaona kuti chilungamo ndi chimodzi mwa makhalidwe abwino omwe anthu ndi mayiko ayenera kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa. Mu ntchito yake yotchuka, "The Republic," Plato anati chilungamo ndi mkhalidwe umene munthu aliyense m'gulu amachita ntchito zomwe zikugwirizana ndi luso lake ndipo sizimasokoneza ntchito za ena. Malinga ndi Plato, gulu lidzakhala lolungama ngati munthu aliyense ndi gulu la anthu akuchita bwino ntchito zawo. Chitsanzo chachikulu cha kuganiza kumeneku ndi lingaliro la "magulu" m'gulu, komwe olamulira ozikidwa pa filosofi, asilikali, ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito onse ali ndi maudindo enaake oti akwaniritse.
Aristotle, wophunzira wa Plato komanso wotsutsa wake, anapereka lingaliro losiyana la chilungamo. Mu "Nicomachean Ethics" ndi "Politics," Aristotle adayambitsa malingaliro a chilungamo chogawa ndi chilungamo chobwezera. Malinga ndi Aristotle, chilungamo chogawa chimayang'ana kwambiri pakugawa katundu ndi zinthu mkati mwa anthu kutengera "ubwino" kapena "kusowa." Pakadali pano, chilungamo chobwezera chimayang'ana momwe mungalangire kuphwanya malamulo. Aristotle adawona chilungamo ngati mgwirizano, komwe munthu aliyense amalandira "choyenera" kutengera zomwe apereka ku anthu.
Chilungamo cha Anthu Malinga ndi John Rawls
M'zaka za m'ma 20, John Rawls adapereka gawo lalikulu pa filosofi yandale kudzera mu chiphunzitso chake cha chilungamo monga "chilungamo." Mu ntchito yake ya "A Theory of Justice" (1971), Rawls adayambitsa mfundo ziwiri zodziwika bwino za chilungamo. Mfundo yoyamba ndi Liberty Principle, yomwe imati aliyense ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ufulu woyambira, womwe sungachepe pokhapokha ngati ufuluwo ukuopseza ufulu wa ena. Mfundo yachiwiri ndi Difference Principle, yomwe imati kusalingana kwa anthu ndi zachuma kuyenera kukonzedwa kuti kupereke phindu lalikulu kwa omwe alibe mwayi ndipo kukugwirizana ndi maudindo ndi maudindo otseguka kwa onse.
Rawls amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lodziwika kuti "chophimba cha kusadziwa" pofotokoza chilungamo chake. Chophimba cha kusadziwa ndi mkhalidwe wongoganizira momwe anthu amapangira mfundo za chilungamo popanda kudziwa udindo wawo pagulu, chuma chawo, luso lawo, kapena udindo wawo pagulu. Posadziwa udindo wawo, anthuwa amakonda kusankha mfundo zomwe zili zoyenera komanso zothandiza kwa aliyense, kuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepa.
Kumanga Chilungamo kwa Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen, katswiri wazachuma komanso wafilosofi wa m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 21, adapereka ndemanga yokhudza chiphunzitso cha Rawls cha chilungamo kuchokera ku lingaliro lothandiza kwambiri. M'buku lake lakuti "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen adati ziphunzitso za chilungamo siziyenera kungokhala zitsanzo zabwino zokha zosiyana ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Sen adayambitsa lingaliro la njira yopezera luso, lomwe limagogomezera luso lenileni la anthu kuchita ndi kukwaniritsa zinthu m'miyoyo yawo. Njirayi imayang'ana kwambiri "mwayi weniweni" womwe anthu ali nawo kuti akulitse kuthekera kwawo ndikupeza chimwemwe.
Sen akunena kuti chilungamo chiyenera kuonedwa ngati gulu la zisankho za anthu zomwe zimakhudza mbali zothandiza za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, monga maphunziro, thanzi, ndi ufulu wandale. Akugogomezeranso kufunika kwa mkangano wa anthu onse komanso kutenga nawo mbali pa nkhani ya chilungamo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale njira yosinthasintha komanso yopitilira.
Zopinga ndi Zovuta Pakukwaniritsa Chilungamo
Ngakhale kuti pali ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zomwe zaperekedwa, kukhazikitsa chilungamo nthawi zambiri kumakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu ndi kusiyana kwa makhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Zomwe gulu lina limaona kuti ndi zachilungamo sizingaonedwe ngati zachilungamo ndi gulu lina. Kuphatikiza apo, zopinga monga kugawa chuma mosagwirizana, ziphuphu, komanso mwayi wosafanana wopeza maphunziro ndi ntchito zaumoyo zitha kupangitsa kuti mfundo za chilungamo zikhale zovuta.
Vuto lina ndi momwe mungagwirizanitse ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Malingaliro ambiri a chilungamo amayesa kulinganiza mbali ziwirizi, koma nthawi zambiri, mfundo zomwe zimapangidwira kulimbikitsa chilungamo cha anthu zimatha kuonedwa ngati zikuletsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, kugawanso chuma kudzera mu misonkho yokwera kungaonedwe ngati kolungama ndi omwe amathandizira chilungamo cha anthu, koma kungaonedwe ngati kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi omwe ali ndi malingaliro okonda ufulu.
Chilungamo Padziko Lonse
Pamene dziko lapansi likulumikizana kwambiri kudzera mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, nkhani za chilungamo ziyeneranso kuonedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani monga kusalingana kwachuma pakati pa mayiko, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi ufulu wa anthu tsopano ndi gawo la zokambirana zokhudza chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi. Malingaliro omwe adapangidwa ndi akatswiri a zandale monga Thomas Pogge akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kugawanso chuma ndi zinthu padziko lonse lapansi kuti athetse umphawi wadzaoneni komanso kusalungama komwe mayiko ambiri osatukuka akukumana nako.
Munthawi ino, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe ofanana padziko lonse lapansi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ndi mabungwe ena osiyanasiyana apadziko lonse lapansi amayesetsa kulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika komanso chofanana padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, mavuto andale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amalepheretsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zabwinozi.
Mapeto
Lingaliro la chilungamo mu filosofi yandale likadali limodzi mwa zokambirana zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu. Chiphunzitso chilichonse chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi zolepheretsa zake. Mwa kuganizira malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuyambira Plato ndi Aristotle mpaka John Rawls ndi Amartya Sen, titha kumvetsetsa bwino za chilungamo komanso momwe tingapezere anthu olungama.
Pakati pa zovuta za dziko lamakono, kukwaniritsa chilungamo kumafuna khama lopitirira komanso zopereka kuchokera kwa onse. Chofunika kwambiri ndikuphatikiza mfundo za chilungamo ndi machitidwe othandiza, kuyika patsogolo zokambirana ndi kutenga nawo mbali pagulu kuti tipeze chikhalidwe chogwirizana komanso chogwirizana. Pomaliza pake, titha kupeza dziko lomwe munthu aliyense ali ndi mwayi komanso ufulu wokhala ndi ulemu ndi ulemu.
