Metaethics ndi Lingaliro la Makhalidwe Abwino
Metaethics ndi nthambi ya filosofi yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakuphunzira za chikhalidwe, udindo, ndi maziko a mawu ndi ziganizo zamakhalidwe abwino. Mosiyana ndi makhalidwe abwino, omwe amafufuza zomwe tiyenera kuchita, kapena makhalidwe abwino, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino pazochitika zenizeni, metaethics imayang'ana kwambiri kusanthula koyambira kwa chiphunzitso. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino mkati mwa nkhani ya metaethics ndi momwe lingaliro ili limakhudzira kumvetsetsa kwathu makhalidwe abwino nthawi zonse.
Kumvetsetsa Metaethics
Metaethics imayesetsa kuyankha mafunso ofunikira monga: Kodi tanthauzo la chabwino ndi choipa ndi chiyani? Kodi makhalidwe abwino ndi olondola kapena odziyimira pawokha? Kodi zifukwa za malingaliro abwino ndi ziti? Mafunso awa angamveke ngati osamveka bwino, koma kumvetsetsa bwino za metaethics kumatithandiza kuona bwino chifukwa chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito .
Mwachidule, pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a maganizo mu metaethics: chikhalidwe chenicheni ndi chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi zenizeni. Chikhalidwe chenicheni chimati makhalidwe abwino ndi olondola ndipo amatha kupezeka kapena kuzindikirika ngati zoona zodziyimira pawokha popanda zikhulupiriro za anthu. Kumbali ina, chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi zenizeni chimakana kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe abwino; iwo amati makhalidwe abwino ndi zinthu zomwe anthu amaganiza kapena zochitika zomwe munthu amaganiza.
Kuzindikira Makhalidwe Abwino
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zili bwino pa makhalidwe abwino kumatanthauza kukhulupirira kuti pali mfundo zenizeni za makhalidwe abwino zomwe sizidalira nzeru za anthu. Anthu okhulupirira kuti zinthu zili bwino pa makhalidwe abwino amakhulupirira kuti mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zitha kukhala zoona kapena zabodza, ndipo mfundo za makhalidwe abwino sizidalira maganizo kapena malingaliro a munthu aliyense.
Mtsutso umodzi wotsimikizira kuti makhalidwe abwino ndi olondola ndi mtsutso wochokera ku kusagwirizana koyenera kwa makhalidwe abwino. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusagwirizana kwakukulu komanso kwakukulu pankhani zina zamakhalidwe abwino—monga mkangano wokhudza chilungamo cha anthu kapena ufulu wa anthu —kumatanthauza kukhalapo kwa mfundo yeniyeni ya makhalidwe abwino yomwe siingaganizidwe ndi munthu aliyense. Popanda mfundo yeniyeni ya makhalidwe abwino, mkangano wonse wa makhalidwe abwino ungakhale nkhani yongofuna kapena yokonda munthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri ena afilosofi monga Thomas Nagel ndi Derek Parfit amanena kuti kutsimikizira makhalidwe abwino kumafotokoza bwino chizolowezi cha anthu chofuna kudziona kuti ndi ofunika pa makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale pamene izi sizikugwirizana ndi zofuna zathu. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri timamva kuti tikukakamizika kuthandiza ena kapena kudzimana zinthu zina kuti tipindule ndi anthu onse, ngakhale pamene zochita zimenezi zingativulaze.
Makhalidwe Otsutsana ndi Zenizeni
Kumbali ina, mfundo yotsutsana ndi zenizeni za makhalidwe abwino imanena kuti makhalidwe abwino alibe cholinga chenicheni. Pali mitundu ingapo ya malingaliro awa, kuphatikizapo malingaliro a emotivism, prescriptivism, ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Maganizo amanena kuti mawu a makhalidwe abwino kwenikweni ndi mawu osonyeza malingaliro kapena malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akamanena kuti, "Kuthandiza osauka n'kwabwino," malinga ndi malingaliro a maganizo, zomwe akuwonetsa kwenikweni ndi malingaliro abwino okhudza zomwe zikuchitikazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawu a makhalidwe abwino alibe phindu lenileni koma amangowonetsa momwe wolankhulayo akumvera.
Malamulo Oletsa Kugonana (Prescriptivism), omwe Richard M. Hare adapereka, akupereka lingaliro lakuti mawu oletsa makhalidwe abwino ndi mtundu wa lamulo kapena upangiri. Tikanena za makhalidwe abwino, kwenikweni timapereka lamulo kapena malingaliro kwa ena kuti achite mwanjira inayake. Mawu monga akuti "Musamanama" amatanthauza "Musamaname!" ndipo si oona kapena abodza, koma kungolimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu.
Kudalirana kwa makhalidwe ndi lingaliro lakuti makhalidwe abwino ndi ofanana ndi zikhalidwe, magulu, kapena anthu paokha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino kapena zoipa mu chikhalidwe kapena mkhalidwe wina sizingaganizidwe choncho mu chikhalidwe china. Kudalirana kumeneku kumagogomezera kuti palibe choonadi cha makhalidwe abwino chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu onse.
Makhalidwe Abwino Potengera Metaethics
Makhalidwe abwino ndi ofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino chifukwa ndi maziko a zochita ndi zisankho zosiyanasiyana za makhalidwe abwino. Kumbuyo kwa mfundo iliyonse ya makhalidwe abwino kuli mfundo yokhudza makhalidwe abwino, kaya ikukhudzana ndi chimwemwe, ufulu, chilungamo, kapena ubwino. Pachifukwa ichi, makhalidwe abwino amakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatsimikiza momwe anthu ndi anthu ayenera kuchitira zinthu.
Kuwona kuti makhalidwe abwino ndi olondola mu zenizeni za makhalidwe abwino kumasonyeza kuti makhalidwe monga chilungamo kapena chisangalalo ali ndi maziko odziyimira pawokha pa malingaliro a munthu payekha. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wodziwa bwino za makhalidwe abwino anganene kuti kupha munthu n’kolakwika chifukwa kumaphwanya ufulu wofunikira wa moyo, mfundo yomwe imaonedwa kuti ndi yoona padziko lonse.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makhalidwe abwino omwe munthu amakhala nawo, pankhani yotsutsana ndi zenizeni, akusonyeza kuti makhalidwe amenewa ndi zotsatira za kumangidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena kusankha munthu payekha. M'malingaliro amenewa, makhalidwe abwino alibe choonadi chodziimira payekha ndipo amatha kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu kapena zikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ena angaone kulimba mtima ngati khalidwe lofunika kwambiri, pomwe ena angaone nzeru kapena chifundo kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri.
Zotsatira za Metaethical za Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito
Kumvetsetsa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino kumakhudza kwambiri momwe timapangira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za makhalidwe abwino m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngati tivomereza mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, tingakhale ofunitsitsa kufunafuna mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, monga mfundo za ufulu wa anthu kapena chilungamo cha anthu . Timakonda kufunafuna maziko olimba, osasintha a makhalidwe abwino ozikidwa pa mfundo zomveka kapena kulingalira mwanzeru.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati tivomereza mfundo yotsutsana ndi mfundo zenizeni, tidzakhala omasuka kwambiri ku mfundo zosiyanasiyana za makhalidwe abwino, zomwe zimazindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa makhalidwe abwino m'zikhalidwe ndi anthu paokha. Izi zingapangitse kuti pakhale njira yoganizira kwambiri za makhalidwe abwino, komwe timalemekeza zochitika ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana popanda kuyesa kupeza chowonadi chimodzi cha makhalidwe abwino.
Mapeto
Metaethics imatipatsa mwayi woti tiganizire mozama za maziko ndi kutsimikizika kwa zomwe timanena za makhalidwe abwino. Mwa kufufuza zonse ziwiri za makhalidwe abwino komanso zotsutsana ndi zenizeni, timapeza chidziwitso chokwanira cha momwe makhalidwe abwino angamvekere ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. M'dziko lomwe likukulirakulira kuchuluka kwa zinthu komanso zovuta, kumvetsetsa metaethics kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri popanga dongosolo labwino komanso lodalirika la makhalidwe abwino.
Kudzera mu kumvetsetsa mozama za metaethics, sitimangolimbikitsa mikangano ya filosofi komanso timakulitsa luso lathu lothana ndi mavuto enieni a makhalidwe abwino a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Makhalidwe abwino, onse olondola komanso odziyimira pawokha, amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga dziko lathu, ndipo kumvetsetsa metaethics kumatitsogolera pakuyenda movutikira ndi nzeru ndi chilungamo chachikulu.
