Filosofi ya Karl Marx ya Zinthu Zakale
Kukonda zinthu zakale ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe Karl Marx adapereka kwambiri pomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kusintha kwa mbiri yakale. Kudzera mu njira imeneyi, Marx anayesa kufotokoza kuti mizu yayikulu ya chitukuko cha anthu si malingaliro osamveka bwino, makhalidwe abwino, kapena chifuniro cha anthu akuluakulu, koma m'malo mwake zinthu zakuthupi: momwe anthu amapangira zosowa zawo, momwe ntchito imakonzedwera, ndi momwe zipatso za kupanga zimagawidwira. Kukonda zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri kumamveka ngati "chiphunzitso cha mbiri yakale" cha Marx, koma kwenikweni ndi chokulirapo kwambiri: dongosolo la nzeru za anthu lomwe limayika chuma cha ndale ngati maziko ofunikira popanga mabungwe, malamulo, chikhalidwe, komanso malingaliro a anthu.
Chiyambi ndi Zolinga za Kukonda Zinthu Zakale
Marx anakhala ndi moyo panthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu: kukula kwa mafakitale, kukula kwa mizinda, ndi kukula kwa capitalism yamakono ku Europe. Kusintha kumeneku kunayambitsa gulu la ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe ankagwira ntchito maola ambiri kuti alandire malipiro ochepa, pomwe akulemeretsa eni ake amakampani. Pakati pa izi, Marx adapanga ndemanga yotsutsa ya filosofi ya malingaliro abwino yomwe inkawona malingaliro ngati injini ya mbiri. Anakhudzidwa ndi Hegel, makamaka lingaliro la dialectics (kusintha kudzera mu kutsutsana), koma anakana malingaliro a Hegel. Mawu a Hegel akuti dialectic "amakhala pamwamba pa mutu wake," adatero Marx; akufuna "kuisintha mozondoka" kuti ikhale yokhazikika pa zenizeni zakuthupi.
Cholinga cha mbiri yakale ndi kufotokoza malamulo onse a kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu: chifukwa chake anthu amakhala okhazikika, chifukwa chake amakumana ndi mavuto, komanso momwe mitundu yatsopano ya anthu imatulukira. Kwa Marx, kusintha kwa mbiri sikumachitika mwachisawawa. Pali njira zomwe zingamvekedwe kudzera mu kusanthula kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi ubale wamphamvu womwe umatsagana nawo.
Maziko, Kapangidwe Kabwino, ndi Njira Yopangira
Mu dongosolo la zinthu zakale, Marx amasiyanitsa pakati pa maziko (kapangidwe kazachuma) ndi kapangidwe kapamwamba. Mazikowa akuphatikizapo mphamvu zopanga (njira zopangira, ukadaulo, ntchito, chidziwitso chaukadaulo) ndi ubale wa kupanga (ubale wa anthu pakati pa omwe amayang'anira njira zopangira ndi omwe amazigwiritsa ntchito). Kapangidwe kapamwamba kakuphatikizapo mabungwe andale (boma, malamulo), malingaliro, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi moyo.
Mfundo yaikulu ya Marx si yakuti zachuma "zimasankha" chilichonse, koma m'malo mwake kapangidwe ka zachuma kamakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pankhaniyi: kamawongolera malire a kuthekera kwa ndale ndi malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lalamulo la katundu waumwini likukula mogwirizana ndi anthu omwe amadalira umwini waumwini wa njira zopangira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusintha kwakukulu mu njira zopangira zinthu kumakakamiza kapangidwe kake kuti kasinthe.
Lingaliro lina lalikulu ndi njira yopangira. Njira yopangira imaphatikiza mphamvu zopanga ndi ubale wopanga. M'mbiri yonse, Marx adazindikira njira zingapo zazikulu zopangira: communalism yakale, ukapolo, feudalism, capitalism, ndi kuthekera kwa socialism/communism. Iliyonse ili ndi malingaliro ake amkati, magulu akuluakulu, ndi mitundu yosiyana ya nkhanza ndi mikangano.
Gulu la Anthu ndi Mikangano Monga Mota ya Mbiri
Kukonda chuma m'mbiri kumaika kulimbana kwa magulu ngati chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Marx ananena motchuka kuti "mbiri ya anthu onse omwe alipo kale ndi mbiri ya kulimbana kwa magulu." Gulu si gulu la zachuma lokha, koma ndi udindo womangidwa mkati mwa ubale wa kupanga: ndani ali ndi njira zopangira ndi ndani alibe. Mu capitalism, magulu awiri akuluakulu ndi a bourgeoisie (eni ndalama) ndi antchito (antchito omwe amagulitsa mphamvu zawo zantchito).
Mikangano ya magulu imachokera ku zokonda zotsutsana. Bourgeoisie imayesetsa kupeza phindu lalikulu, pomwe antchito amayesetsa kukonza malipiro ndi moyo. Mikangano imeneyi imabweretsa osati mikangano yazachuma yokha (monga zipolowe), komanso mikangano yandale ndi yamalingaliro (mikangano yokhudza mfundo, nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino zokhudza ntchito ndi umphawi, komanso kuvomerezeka kwa dongosololi).
Komabe, mikangano si vuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu chabe; kwa Marx, ndi njira yosinthira. Pamene kutsutsana mkati mwa njira yopangira zinthu kukukulirakulira, vuto limabuka, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wosinthira njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu.
Ma Dialectics a Zinthu: Zotsutsana mu Capitalism
Chizindikiro cha lingaliro la Marx ndi dialectics: kusintha kumachitika kudzera mu zotsutsana zamkati. Mu capitalism, kutsutsana kwakukulu ndikuti kupanga ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (kuphatikiza antchito ambiri, maukonde a mafakitale, ndi misika yayikulu), koma umwini wa zotuluka ndi wachinsinsi (phindu limapita kwa eni ake a ndalama). Kutsutsana kumeneku kumabweretsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana: kusalingana, kuzunzidwa, ndi mavuto azachuma nthawi ndi nthawi.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Marx anafufuza ndi phindu lochulukirapo. Ogwira ntchito amapanga phindu kudzera mu ntchito yawo, koma malipiro omwe amalandira ndi ochepa kuposa phindu lomwe amapeza; kusiyana kumakhala phindu la capitalist. Kuchokera apa, kunyoza anthu sikumveka ngati chinthu chongochitika mwa munthu payekha, koma ngati njira yomangira ubale wa capitalist wa kupanga.
Kutsutsana kumaonekeranso mu chizolowezi cha capitalism chofuna kuonjezera zokolola kudzera mu ukadaulo, womwe, kumbali imodzi, umakulitsa mphamvu zopangira koma, kumbali ina, ungachepetse malipiro, kuthetsa antchito, ndikuwonjezera ulova. Zotsatira zake ndi kusamvana pakati pa anthu komanso kusakhazikika komwe kungachitike.
Malingaliro ndi Chidziwitso
Kukonda zinthu zakale sikunyalanyaza malingaliro; kumafufuza momwe malingaliro amapangikira ndikugwira ntchito m'gulu la anthu. Marx adayambitsa lingaliro la malingaliro ngati gulu la malingaliro omwe nthawi zambiri amavomereza malamulo omwe alipo pagulu. Malingaliro angapangitse ubale wosalingana kuoneka ngati "wachilengedwe," "woyenera," kapena "monga momwe uyenera kukhalira."
Apa ndi pomwe lingaliro la kuzindikira za magulu limayambira. Malinga ndi Marx, antchito amatha kukhala ndi chidziwitso chabodza—kuvomereza mfundo zomwe zimapindulitsa gulu lolamulira—kapena kukhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira cha magulu, kumvetsetsa malo ake onse ndi zomwe amakonda. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumafuna kusintha pamlingo wa bungwe ndi chidziwitso, osati mavuto azachuma okha.
Boma ndi Malamulo mu Zinthu Zakale
Marx sanaone boma ngati bungwe losalowerera ndale lomwe lili pamwamba pa magulu onse, koma ngati loyimira zofuna za gulu lolamulira. Lamulo linkamvekanso ngati chida chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasunga bata la ubale wopanga zinthu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mfundo iliyonse ya boma imapindulitsa mwachindunji abwanamkubwa, koma kawirikawiri, boma limachita gawo pakusunga mikhalidwe yoberekeranso capitalism: chitetezo cha mapangano, chitetezo cha katundu, ndi bata la anthu.
Komabe, Marx anazindikiranso kuti boma lingakhale bwalo la nkhondo. Ndondomeko za ntchito, misonkho, maphunziro, ndi chitetezo cha anthu ndi zitsanzo za momwe mikangano ya magulu ingakhudzire boma ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wandale.
Magawo Akale ndi Kutsutsa kwa Chitsimikizo Chokhazikika
Kukonda zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri kumamvedwa molakwika ngati chiphunzitso chokhazikika chomwe chimaganiza kuti mbiri iyenera kudutsa m'magawo okhwima. Komabe, ngakhale Marx adalankhula za zizolowezi zambiri, adagogomezeranso udindo wa mikhalidwe yeniyeni, mikangano yandale, ndi zochita za anthu. Anthu "amapanga mbiri yawo," koma osati pansi pa mikhalidwe ya ufulu wawo wosankha; amalandira kapangidwe kake ka zinthu.
Chifukwa chake, nkhani ya zinthu zakale imawerengedwa bwino ngati njira yowunikira: kufufuza momwe kusintha kwa ukadaulo, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, umwini, ndi kugawa chuma kumabweretsera kusintha kwa ndale ndi chikhalidwe. Imalola kusiyana kwa mbiri m'malo osiyanasiyana, komanso kuwulula machitidwe obwerezabwereza a mikangano.
Kufunika kwa Zinthu Zakale Zofunika Kwambiri Masiku Ano
M'dziko lamakono, zinthu zakale zimakhalabe zofunikira potanthauzira zochitika monga kusalingana padziko lonse lapansi, kulamulira kwa makampani ambiri, chuma cha nsanja, ndi kusintha kwa ntchito chifukwa cha makina odzipangira okha. Nkhani zambiri za anthu—kuyambira kupeza nyumba ndi maphunziro mpaka thanzi—zikhoza kufufuzidwa chifukwa cha ubale wa kupanga ndi kugawa zinthu. Ngakhale mikangano yokhudza chikhalidwe, kudziwika, ndi atolankhani ikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi kulumikizana kwawo ndi zofuna zachuma ndi mphamvu.
Komabe, kufunika kumeneku sikutanthauza kuti zinthu zakale zilibe otsutsa. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti Marx anagogomezera kwambiri gulu la zachuma ndipo sanapereke malo okwanira pazinthu zina monga jenda, mtundu, chilengedwe, ndi zovuta za chikhalidwe. Komabe, miyambo yambiri yamtsogolo ya malingaliro—Western Marxism, critical theory, ndi maphunziro amakono azachuma—apanga ndikukulitsa zinthu zakale kuti zikhale zomvera kwambiri mbali izi.
Kutseka
Malingaliro a Karl Marx okhudza zinthu zakale amapereka njira yomvetsetsa mbiri ngati njira yokhazikika m'moyo wa anthu: kupanga, ntchito, katundu, ndi mikangano ya magulu. Kudzera m'malingaliro a maziko ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu, njira yopangira, njira yotsutsana, ndi kutsutsa malingaliro, Marx adapereka chida champhamvu chowunikira momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m'gulu la anthu. Ngakhale pali mikangano yokhudza kulondola kwa maulosi ake osintha, zinthu zakale zimakhalabe chimodzi mwamagawo amphamvu kwambiri omvetsetsa ubale pakati pa zachuma ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso kufunsa yemwe amapindula ndi yemwe akuvutika ndi dongosolo lomwe lilipo.
