Filosofi ya Jean-Paul Sartre ya Existentialist
Jean-Paul Sartre anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20. Anabadwira ku Paris pa June 21, 1905, ndipo anamwalira pa April 15, 1980. Sartre ankadziwika kuti anali katswiri wafilosofi, wolemba, komanso wolimbikitsa ndale. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe adapereka padziko lonse lapansi chinali filosofi ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu, njira yomwe imafuna kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la kukhalapo kwa munthu.
Chiyambi cha Kukhalapo kwa Zinthu
Filosofi ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu inayamba ngati yankho la rationalism ndi Hegelian idealism zomwe zinalamulira maganizo a filosofi aku Europe m'zaka za m'ma 19. Existentialism, monga momwe idakulira m'zaka za m'ma 20, inakana lingaliro lakuti chilengedwe chili ndi dongosolo labwino lomwe anthu angamvetse bwino. M'malo mwake, inagogomezera kupanda nzeru kwa kukhalapo ndipo inagogomezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi udindo wake payekha.
Mawu akuti "existentialism" kwenikweni anapangidwa ndi katswiri wina wafilosofi wa ku France, Gabriel Marcel. Komabe, Sartre, pamodzi ndi anthu ngati Martin Heidegger ndi Albert Camus, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa ndikufalitsa kayendetsedwe kameneka.
Chiyambi cha Lingaliro la Sartre
"Kukhalapo kumabweretsa chiyambi cha zinthu"
Limodzi mwa mawu otchuka kwambiri a Sartre ndi lakuti "kukhalapo kumabweretsa umunthu." Malinga ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe, umunthu (kapena umunthu) wa chinthu umabweretsa umunthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu asanapange mpando, amayamba ndi lingaliro kapena lingaliro lake.
Komabe, malinga ndi Sartre, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa anthu. Choyamba anthu amakhalapo kenako n’kumadzisankhira okha tanthauzo kapena cholinga chawo m’moyo . Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu amabadwa opanda tanthauzo kapena cholinga chokonzedweratu ndipo ayenera kupanga tanthauzo lawo mwa kuchitapo kanthu mwaufulu komanso kusankha.
Ufulu ndi Malire
Sartre anagogomezera kwambiri kufunika kwa ufulu mu chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ndi anthu omasuka omwe ali ndi luso lopanga zisankho. Komabe, ufulu umenewu siwokhawo womwe umabweretsa chimwemwe. Ufulu nthawi zambiri umabwera chifukwa cha kudziona kuti ndi udindo waukulu komanso nkhawa yaikulu yokhudza zotsatira za zisankho zathu.
Ngakhale Sartre adanenetsa kuti ndife anthu omasuka, adavomerezanso kuti ufulu wathu nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi malire chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sitinasankhe, monga malo athu achikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, kapena mbiri yakale. Izi ndi zinthu za "factualization" zomwe timakumana nazo, zomwe nthawi imodzi zimaumba ndikuchepetsa ufulu wathu.
Udindo ndi Nkhawa
Sartre ankakhulupirira kuti ufulu umabwera ndi udindo. Chifukwa chakuti tili ndi ufulu wosankha, tilinso ndi udindo pa zochita ndi zisankho zathu. Tilibe wina woti tiziimba mlandu pa zosankha zathu, ndipo nthawi zambiri izi zimapangitsa kuti tizikayikira komanso tizikhala ndi nkhawa.
Mu buku lake lakuti “Being and Nothingness” (1943), Sartre adapanga lingaliro la “nkhawa” pofotokoza momwe timamvera tikazindikira ufulu wathu waukulu. Nkhawa ndi kumverera kosatsimikizika ndi nkhawa komwe kumachitika tikazindikira kuti tili ndi udindo wonse pa zochita zathu ndipo palibe chitsogozo chenicheni chomwe tingadalire.
"Luso Lodzisankhira"
Sartre ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti “pour-soi” (kwa iwe mwini) ndi “en-soi” (kwa iwe mwini) pofotokoza mbali ziwiri zazikulu za moyo. “En-soi” amatanthauza kukhala mwa iwe mwini, ngati chinthu chopanda moyo chosowa kudzidziwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, “pour-soi” amatanthauza munthu amene amadzidziwa yekha komanso luso lake lopanga zisankho zomwe zimamuthandiza pa moyo wake.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Sartre, anthu ayenera kuyesetsa kukhala ndi moyo weniweni wa “pour-soi”, kutanthauza moyo weniweni momwe munthu amakhala woona mtima kwa iye mwini ndipo amasankha zinthu motsatira mfundo zake, m'malo mongotsatira miyambo kapena ziyembekezo za anthu.
Zotsatira za Anthu ndi Ndale
Sartre sanali wodziwika ngati katswiri wafilosofi yekha, komanso anali wolimbikitsa ndale, wochita nawo magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu komanso andale m'moyo wake wonse. Anali wochirikiza chiphunzitso cha Marxism ndipo nthawi zambiri ankalankhula za kusalungama kwa anthu, ukoloni, ndi kufunika kwa ufulu.
Komabe, maganizo ake nthawi zambiri anali ovuta komanso osatsutsa mfundo zina. Ngakhale kuti ankachirikiza mbali zina za chiphunzitso cha Marxism, Sartre anatsutsanso mfundo zina za chiphunzitsochi, makamaka zokhudza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Anayesetsa kupeza mfundo yapakati yomwe ingalole ufulu wa munthu aliyense mkati mwa mfundo zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Sartre anali wotsutsa mwamphamvu ulamuliro wankhanza ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. M'mabuku ake ndi m'moyo wake, nthawi zambiri ankagogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu.
Kutsutsa kwa Sartre's Existentialism
Ngakhale kuti nzeru za Sartre zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zili ndi otsatira ambiri, zatsutsidwanso pang'ono. Akatswiri ena afilosofi amanena kuti malingaliro ake pa ufulu ndi udindo ndi okhwima kwambiri ndipo amalephera kuganizira zofooka za chikhalidwe ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhudza anthu.
Akatswiri ena afilosofi ankaona kuti maganizo ake anali oipa kwambiri, akugogomezera nkhawa ndi zinthu zopanda pake za moyo m'malo mopereka malangizo abwino pa moyo. Kuphatikiza apo, otsutsa ena adadzudzula Sartre chifukwa cholephera kupereka mayankho othandiza pa mavuto a anthu ndi ndale omwe adawatchula, ngakhale kuti adalimbikitsa kwambiri kufunika kwa kusintha.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsidwa kumeneku, mphamvu ya Sartre pa filosofi ndi zaluso zamakono ikadali yozama. Malingaliro ake okhudza ufulu, udindo, ndi kufunikira kwa kudalirika akupitilizabe kukhudza malingaliro a filosofi, mabuku, komanso ngakhale zamaganizo.
Mapeto
Jean-Paul Sartre ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha existentialism. Kudzera mu ntchito yake, adafunsa mafunso ozama okhudza kukhalapo kwa anthu, ufulu, udindo, ndi tanthauzo la moyo . Ngakhale kuti ziphunzitso zake nthawi zina zinali zotsutsana ndipo zinayambitsa mkangano waukulu, palibe kukayika kuti Sartre adasiya chizindikiro chosatha pa dziko la filosofi ndi kupitirira apo.
Pogogomezera kuti "kukhalapo kumabweretsa umunthu," Sartre akutipempha kuti tiganizirenso tanthauzo la kukhalapo kwathu komanso momwe tingakhalire ndi moyo weniweni komanso wopindulitsa. Akutikumbutsa kuti mu ufulu wathu, tili ndi udindo waukulu, osati kwa ife tokha komanso kwa ena ndi dziko lotizungulira. Filosofi ya Sartre, yokhala ndi zovuta zake zonse komanso kuya kwake, ikadali gwero la chilimbikitso ndi kusinkhasinkha kwa ambiri mpaka lero.
