Tanthauzo la Logic Malinga ndi Aristotle
Pendauluan
Mfundo zamaganizo ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu filosofi ndi sayansi, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira masamu mpaka sayansi ya makompyuta. Monga njira yoganizira mwadongosolo komanso mwanzeru, mfundo zamaganizo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mfundo zomveka, kupeza mfundo zolondola, ndikumvetsetsa zenizeni mozama.
Kumayiko akumadzulo, Aristotle anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba afilosofi kupanga chiphunzitso chokwanira cha logic. Kudzera mu ntchito yake yayikulu, Aristotle adakhazikitsa maziko a zida zambiri za logic zomwe zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za kumvetsetsa kwa Aristotle kwa logic, kuphatikizapo chitukuko cha lingaliroli, mfundo zake zoyambira, ndi momwe limakhudzira chitukuko cha logic pambuyo pake.
Aristotle ndi Logic
Aristotle anabadwira ku Stagira, Greece, mu 384 BC ndipo anamwalira mu 322 BC. Anali wophunzira wa Plato ndipo pambuyo pake anali mphunzitsi wa Alexander Wamkulu. Mosiyana ndi Plato, yemwe ankayang'ana kwambiri dziko la malingaliro, Aristotle ankakonda kukhala ndi malingaliro komanso zenizeni. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Aristotle adapereka chinali chitukuko cha malingaliro, chomwe adachitcha "analytics" kapena "organon," kutanthauza chida choganizira.
Malingaliro omwe Aristotle adapanga nthawi zambiri amatchedwa malingaliro achikhalidwe kapena malingaliro okhazikika. Malingaliro a Aristotle adapanga ngati malamulo omwe amatsimikiza momwe angapezere mfundo zomveka kuchokera ku zomwe zilipo kale.
Syllogism
Mfundo yaikulu ya Aristotle ili mu lingaliro la syllogism. Syllogism ndi mtundu wa mkangano wokhala ndi magawo atatu: mfundo ziwiri ndi mapeto. Mwachitsanzo:
1. Chiyambi Chachikulu: Anthu onse ndi zamoyo.
2. Mfundo Yaing'ono: Socrates ndi munthu.
3. Mapeto: Socrates ndi chamoyo.
Apa, mfundo ziwiri zoyambirira zodziwika bwino zimabweretsa mfundo zomveka komanso zovomerezeka. Luso la Aristotle linali luso lake lopanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu ofotokozera ndi kudziwa omwe anali ovomerezeka ndi omwe sanali ovomerezeka.
Magulu ndi Ma Predicate
Aristotle adapanganso njira ya magulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa ziganizo m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi Aristotle, ziganizo zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu a mutu ndi predicate, ndipo predicate iliyonse imatha kugawidwa malinga ndi gulu lake, monga:
1. Ubwino.
2. Kuchuluka.
3. Ubale.
4. Malo.
5. Nthawi.
6. Udindo.
7. Mikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, m'mawu akuti "Socrates ndi munthu," "Socrates" ndi mutu, ndipo "munthu" ndi predicate yokhala ndi gulu kapena katundu winawake.
Malamulo Oyambira a Logic
Aristotle adayambitsanso malamulo atatu oyambira a logic omwe adakhala maziko a logic yakale komanso yamakono:
1. Lamulo la Kudziwika: Chiganizo chimafanana ndi chokha.
– Chitsanzo: “A ndi A.”
2. Lamulo Losatsutsana: N'zosatheka kuti mawu akhale oona komanso abodza nthawi imodzi.
– Chitsanzo: “A sangakhale A ndipo osati-A nthawi imodzi.”
3. Lamulo la Pakati Popanda Kuphatikizidwa: Chiganizo chilichonse ndi chowona kapena chabodza, palibe kuthekera kwachitatu.
– Chitsanzo: “A ndi B, kapena A si B.”
Malamulo awa amathandiza kukhazikitsa malire pa mfundo ndikuonetsetsa kuti mfundo zomwe zaperekedwa zikugwirizana komanso zovomerezeka.
Mphamvu ya Malingaliro a Aristotle
Malingaliro anzeru a Aristotle akhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa maphunziro ambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu. Nazi zina mwa zotsatira zake:
– Filosofi: Malingaliro a Aristotle ndiye maziko a malingaliro onse a filosofi akumadzulo. Akatswiri ambiri afilosofi pambuyo pake, monga Thomas Aquinas ndi Immanuel Kant, adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za malingaliro a Aristotle m'malingaliro awo.
– Masamu: Ngakhale kuti njira zamakono zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito masamu zimasiyana ndi njira za Aristotelian, malingaliro oyambira a kuchotsera ndi syllogism akadali ofunikira.
– Sayansi ya Pakompyuta: Ndi chitukuko cha logic yamakono ndi masamu osiyana, malingaliro ambiri mu sayansi ya pakompyuta, makamaka pakupanga ma algorithms ndi chiphunzitso cha kuwerengera, amachokera pa mfundo za logic ya Aristotelian.
- Sayansi Yachilengedwe ndi Yachikhalidwe: Mu sayansi yachilengedwe ndi yachikhalidwe, malingaliro amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zoyeserera, kusanthula deta, ndikupeza mfundo zomveka kuchokera ku zomwe zawonedwa ndi kafukufuku.
Aristotle ndi nzeru zake zinathandiza anthu kumvetsetsa ndi kufotokoza kayendedwe kolondola ka maganizo, ndipo zinapereka zida zothanirana ndi kuthetsa mavuto m'njira yokhazikika komanso yanzeru.
Kudzudzula Kowonjezereka ndi Kukula
Ngakhale kuti mfundo za Aristotle zili ndi maziko olimba kwambiri, mfundo za Aristotle sizili ndi zofooka zake. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe Aristotle amatsutsira mfundo za Aristotle ndichakuti satha kuthana ndi mfundo zovuta kapena zobwerezabwereza. Mfundo zimenezi zimakhalanso zovomerezeka komanso zosasinthasintha pothana ndi kusatsimikizika kapena kusamveka bwino komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20, mfundo zomveka bwino zinapitilizidwa ndi kubuka kwa mfundo zomveka bwino, kapena mfundo zomveka bwino, zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi akatswiri a masamu monga George Boole ndi Gottlob Frege. Mfundo zomveka bwino zimenezi zinayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi ntchito zomveka bwino, ndipo zinatha kuthana ndi malingaliro ovuta kwambiri.
Kubwera kwa chiphunzitso chokhazikika ndi malingaliro oyambilira kunawonetsanso kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu malingaliro ovomerezeka, kukulitsa luso lathu logwira ntchito ndi mfundo zovuta komanso zosamveka bwino. Malingaliro amakono nawonso amatha kusintha kwambiri pothana ndi kusatsimikizika ndi kuthekera, monga momwe zimawonedwera mu chiphunzitso cha fuzzy logic ndi kuthekera.
Komabe, cholowa cha Aristotle chikadali chofunikira. Mfundo zazikulu zomwe adakhazikitsa zidakali maziko a kuganiza mwanzeru komanso mwanzeru. Ntchito za Aristotle, monga Organon, zimaonedwabe ngati magwero ofunikira kwa iwo omwe amaphunzira za logic ndi filosofi.
Mapeto
Mwa kupereka maziko a chiphunzitso cha kuganiza mwadongosolo komanso mwanzeru, malingaliro a Aristotle apereka thandizo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa nzeru za anthu. Kuyambira pakukula kwa syllogism mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo oyambira a logic, Aristotle adatsegula njira yopititsira patsogolo maphunziro ambiri.
Ngakhale kuti nzeru za Aristotle zatsutsidwa ndi kukonzedwa ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana otsatira, mfundo zazikulu zomwe adakhazikitsa zimakhalabe maziko olimba a mitundu yambiri ya malingaliro omveka bwino komanso anzeru. Kuyambira pa filosofi mpaka sayansi ya makompyuta, mphamvu ya kuganiza kwanzeru kwa Aristotle ikadali yamphamvu lerolino.
M'njira zambiri, kumvetsetsa mfundo za Aristotle ndiko kumvetsetsa chimodzi mwa zoyesayesa zoyambirira za anthu kufunafuna choonadi kudzera mu kuganiza mwadongosolo komanso mwanzeru. Mfundo imeneyi sikuti imatithandiza kupanga mfundo zomveka zokha, komanso imatithandiza kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi ndi malo athu mmenemo m'njira yozama komanso yothandiza kwambiri.
