Martin Heidegger ndi Chiphunzitso cha Kukhalapo
Martin Heidegger anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20. Anabadwira ku Messkirch, Germany, pa Seputembala 26, 1889, ndipo anamwalira pa Meyi 26, 1976. Heidegger amadziwika kwambiri ndi ntchito yake yodziwika bwino, "Sein und Zeit" (Kukhala ndi Nthawi), yofalitsidwa mu 1927. Mu ntchito iyi, Heidegger adafufuza lingaliro la kukhala (Sein) mwanjira yomwe sinachitikepo kale m'miyambo ya filosofi yakumadzulo. Nkhaniyi ifufuza malingaliro a Heidegger okhudza kukhala ndi chifukwa chake malingaliro ake akadali ofunikira lerolino.
Chiyambi cha Filosofi ya Heidegger
Tisanaphunzire mozama za chiphunzitso chake cha kukhalapo, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mbiri ya filosofi ya Heidegger. Heidegger anali wophunzira wa Edmund Husserl, yemwe anayambitsa phenomenology. Phenomenology ndi njira yophunzirira filosofi yomwe imagogomezera zochitika zachindunji komanso zowoneka bwino, popanda malingaliro kapena kutanthauzira kwakunja. Ngakhale Husserl ankayang'ana kwambiri dziko la zochitika zaumwini, Heidegger ankafuna kupita patsogolo, kubwerera ku funso lofunika kwambiri: "Kodi tanthauzo la kukhalapo ndi chiyani?"
Kusakhutira ndi Metaphysics Yachikhalidwe
Heidegger ankaona kuti metaphysics yachikhalidwe sinapereke yankho lokwanira ku funso lofunikali. Ananena kuti kuyambira filosofi yakale yachigiriki, metaphysics inali yongophunzira za kukhalapo kwa zinthu kapena zinthu, popanda kumvetsetsa kwenikweni kukhalapo. Akatswiri anzeru akuluakulu monga Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, ndi Kant, malinga ndi Heidegger, ananyalanyaza funso lofunika kwambiri la metaphysics: "Kodi kukhalapo n'chiyani?"
Das Sein und das Seiende
Pofuna kusiyanitsa pakati pa kukhala m'lingaliro lapadera ndi zinthu za munthu payekha, Heidegger amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Sein otanthauza "kukhalapo" ndi Seiendes otanthauza "chinthu." "Kukhala ndi Nthawi" akuyamba ndi kuwonetsa momwe timamvera kawirikawiri Sein, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse timakumana ndi Seiendes m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Malinga ndi Heidegger, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zolephera zazikulu m'mbiri ya filosofi: timayang'ana kwambiri zomwe zilipo (zolengedwa), kotero kuti timanyalanyaza kukhalapo (Chinthu).
Dasein: Kukhalapo ndi Kutaya
Kuti amvetse kukhalapo, Heidegger anayambitsa lingaliro la Dasein, lomwe nthawi zambiri limamasuliridwa kuti "kukhalapo" kapena "kukhalapo." Mosiyana ndi zinthu zina, anthu ali ndi chidziwitso cha kukhalapo kwawo, ndipo ichi ndi khalidwe lapadera. Dasein ali ndi luso lokayikira ndikumvetsetsa kukhalapo kwake. Heidegger adanenanso kuti Dasein nayenso "amaponyedwa" m'dziko lino, popanda kusankha malo kapena nthawi yobadwira, koma kudzera mu kuponya kumeneku Dasein amapeza moyo wake.
Lingaliro la kuponyedwa (Geworfenheit) ndilofunika kwambiri pa filosofi ya Heidegger. Kuponyedwa kumatanthauza kuti nthawi zonse timakhala kale m'dziko lapansi, ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chimapereka malire ndi mwayi wa momwe timamvetsetsera kukhalapo.
Kuwonadi ndi Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Heidegger akufotokozanso mfundo za kutsimikizika (Eigentlichkeit) ndi kutsimikizika (Uneigentlichkeit) m'moyo wathu. Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku nthawi zambiri umakhala mu mkhalidwe wosatsimikizika, komwe timatsatira miyambo ya anthu popanda kuganizira mozama. Heidegger amatcha njira iyi kuti das Man, kapena "iwo," komwe timataya umunthu wathu mwa kusadziwika kwa ditir. Koma moyo weniweni ndi womwe timazindikira ndikuvomereza kukhalapo kwathu, tikukumana ndi zenizeni monga imfa ndi malire molimba mtima komanso moona mtima.
Nthawi ndi Nthawi Yosakhalitsa
Heidegger anagwirizanitsa kukhalapo ndi lingaliro la nthawi. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ndi zolengedwa zosakhalitsa; ndiko kuti, kukhalapo kwathu nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi nthawi. Dasein ndi "kukhalapo-ku-imfa-yake" (Sein-zum-Tode), wodziwa bwino momwe kukhalapo kwake kulili kothera komanso kosatha. Nthawi si muyeso wongowerengera nthawi, koma kapangidwe ka moyo komwe kamakhudza momwe timamvetsetsera ndikugwirira ntchito ndi dziko lapansi.
Kukhalapo ndi Chilankhulo
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Heidegger adapereka ndi ubale womwe adawona pakati pa kukhalapo ndi chilankhulo. Malinga ndi Heidegger, chilankhulo ndi "nyumba ya kukhalapo." Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chilankhulo ndi njira yomwe anthu amatha kupeza ndikumvetsetsa kukhalapo kwawo. Popanda chilankhulo, lingaliro ndi tanthauzo la kukhalapo lingakhalebe lachinsinsi. Chifukwa chake, Heidegger ankakhulupirira kuti nzeru ziyenera kusamala osati kokha pazinthu ndi kukhalapo, komanso momwe timalankhulira ndi kuganizira za izo.
Kudzudzula ndi Kufunika Kwake
Ngakhale kuti Heidegger adapereka zambiri kuti amvetsetse kukhalapo kwa zinthu, si aliyense amene amavomereza maganizo ake. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti zolemba zake n'zovuta kuzimvetsa, ndi zosamveka bwino, komanso zopanda phindu. Palinso kutsutsidwa kuchokera ku malingaliro a makhalidwe abwino, chifukwa Heidegger adagwira nawo ntchito mu chipani cha Nazi panthawi ya moyo wake. Nkhaniyi ikadali nkhani yokambirana, makamaka momwe iyenera kukhudzira kutanthauzira ndi kuyamikira ntchito yake.
Komabe, ambiri amanena kuti chiphunzitso cha Heidegger cha kukhalapo chikadali chofunikira kwambiri komanso chothandiza. Mu nthawi yaukadaulo ndi kudzipatula, malingaliro a Heidegger pankhani yowona ndi kufunika komvetsetsa kukhalapo kwathu amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri.
Kutseka
Martin Heidegger ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri a m'zaka za m'ma 20, akupereka malingaliro atsopano kwambiri pa metaphysics ndi kukhalapo. Kudzera mu malingaliro monga Dasein, kutayika, kutsimikizika, ndi nthawi, Heidegger akutipempha kuti tiganizire tanthauzo la kukhalapo kwathu. Ngakhale kuti ndi kovuta komanso kodzaza ndi mikangano, malingaliro a Heidegger akadali maziko ofunikira mu filosofi yamasiku ano ndipo amapereka vuto lalikulu la nzeru kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la kukhala munthu.
