Tanthauzo la Moyo mu Filosofi ya Existentialist
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu ziliko ndi sukulu yosangalatsa komanso yovuta ya malingaliro mkati mwa filosofi. Imayang'ana kwambiri zochita za munthu aliyense payekha, ufulu, ndi zisankho zomwe timapanga pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kubwera kwa filosofi iyi kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zakale komanso zachikhalidwe, makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe anthu ambiri adakumana ndi vuto la tanthauzo ndi njira m'moyo. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza tanthauzo la moyo mkati mwa nkhani ya kukhalako ndi kumvetsetsa omwe adathandizira kwambiri pa filosofi iyi, monga Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche , Jean-Paul Sartre, ndi Albert Camus.
Chiyambi cha Kukhalapo kwa Zinthu
Chiphunzitso chakuti zinthu ziliko (Existentialism) chimachokera ku mawu oti "kukhalapo," kutanthauza kukhalapo kapena moyo. Sukulu ya filosofi iyi imagogomezera mbali zapadera komanso zobisika za moyo wa munthu. Imayang'ana kwambiri pa zokumana nazo zenizeni za moyo wa munthu ndi momwe munthu aliyense amachitira zinthu pazochitika zomwe akukumana nazo. Chiphunzitso chakuti zinthu ziliko (Existentialism) chimafunsa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa moyo monga imfa, ufulu, kudzipatula, ndi tanthauzo (kapena kusowa kwake).
Chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za kukhalapo kwa zinthu ndi chakuti "kukhalapo kumayambira chibadwa." Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu amayamba kukhalapo, kukumana ndi kuona dziko lapansi, kenako n’kuzindikira tanthauzo la moyo wawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu sanalengedwe ndi cholinga kapena chibadwa chomwe chinakonzedweratu, koma ayenera kupeza ndi kupanga cholinga ndi tanthauzo lawo pakapita nthawi.
Søren Kierkegaard: Leap of Faith
Søren Kierkegaard, yemwe nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati bambo wa kukhalapo kwa zinthu, anagogomezera kufunika kwa kusankha munthu payekha komanso kudzipereka molimba mtima, ngakhale kuti kulingalira bwino kapena makhalidwe abwino kungaoneke ngati kosakwanira kutsogolera zochita zoterozo. Kierkegaard anayambitsa lingaliro la "kudumphadumpha kwa chikhulupiriro," kutsimikiza mtima kukhulupirira ngakhale kusatsimikizika ndi kukayikira.
Iye anati moyo wa munthu ndi ulendo womwe umafuna zoopsa zazikulu komanso zisankho zofunika kwambiri. Iye anati anthu ayenera kupanga zisankho zofunika kwambiri zokhudza iwowo komanso momwe akufunira kukhala ndi moyo wawo, zomwe ndi zisankho zaumwini kwambiri.
Friedrich Nietzsche: Kupanga Tanthauzo ndi Mtengo
Friedrich Nietzsche anali katswiri wafilosofi wa ku Germany amene anagogomezera kuti anthu ayenera kupanga makhalidwe awoawo m'dziko limene "Mulungu wafa," fanizo lomwe anagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza kugwa kwa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi chipembedzo chomwe kale chinali ndi tanthauzo ndi chitsogozo m'moyo wa munthu. Nietzsche anagogomezera kufunika kwa chifuniro cha mphamvu ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu kuti akwaniritse zomwe angathe ndikupanga tanthauzo lake popanda maziko a makhalidwe abwino.
Kwa Nietzsche, moyo wopindulitsa ndi moyo umene munthu amatenga udindo wonse pa moyo wake, amakana kugonjera mfundo kapena ziphunzitso zomwe zimayikidwa kunja, ndipo amayesetsa kukhala "Übermensch" kapena munthu wapamwamba, amene amapanga mfundo zatsopano zomwe zimamuthandiza kukhala ndi moyo weniweni komanso mokwanira.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Ufulu ndi Udindo
Jean-Paul Sartre, katswiri wafilosofi wa ku France komanso m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino pankhani ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu, anagogomezera kuti ufulu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu. Malinga ndi Sartre, anthu "amaweruzidwa kuti ali ndi ufulu" - mawu omwe akuwonetsa kusamveka bwino kwa ufulu wokha: ngakhale ufulu umatipatsa mphamvu yodzipangira tanthauzo lathu, umatipangitsanso kuti tisathawe udindo pa zosankha zathu.
Sartre ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha lingaliro lake lakuti "munthu ndiye amene amapanga tanthauzo lake." Moyo umakhala ndi tanthauzo pokhapokha titachitapo kanthu ndikupanga tanthauzo lathu, popanda kudalira makhalidwe akunja kapena umulungu. M'buku lake, "Kukhala ndi Kupanda Phindu," Sartre akufotokoza kuti moyo ndi wokhudzana ndi nkhawa ya ufulu wonse ndikupanga zisankho zenizeni mkati mwa nkhaniyi.
Albert Camus: Zachilendo ndi Chipanduko
Albert Camus, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri saganiziridwa kuti ndi munthu wokonda kukhalapo kwa zinthu, adapereka chithandizo chachikulu ku chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu kudzera mu lingaliro la kusadziwa zinthu. Kwa Camus, kusadziwa zinthu kumachokera ku kusiyana pakati pa kufunafuna tanthauzo kwa anthu ndi dziko looneka ngati losamveka komanso lopanda nzeru.
Mu "Nkhani ya Sisyphus," Camus akuwonetsa Sisyphus ngati wolangidwa kukankhira mwala pamwamba pa phiri koma n’kuuwona ukugweranso pansi, monga fanizo la kupusa kwa moyo wa munthu . Komabe, Camus akunena kuti njira yokhayo yogonjetsera kupusa kumeneku ndikupandukira, ndiko kuti, kuulandira ndikupitiriza kufunafuna ndikupanga tanthauzo m’miyoyo yathu ngakhale kuti dziko lapansi silipereka tanthauzo kapena cholinga chenicheni.
Ubale ndi Zamakono
Lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa zinthu likadali lofunikabe masiku ano. M'dziko lamakono lomwe likuyenda mofulumira, komwe ukadaulo ndi zoulutsira nkhani nthawi zambiri zimabisa kulumikizana kwathu ndi ife eni komanso ena, anthu ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu. Mafunso okhudza njira ya moyo, cholinga, ndi tanthauzo nthawi zambiri amabuka tikamakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu, monga kutayika kwa ntchito, imfa ya wokondedwa, kapena kudzipatula komwe kumabwera ndi moyo wa digito.
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zidzakhalapo kumatipempha kuti tithane ndi vutoli molimba mtima komanso moona mtima, kufunafuna ndi kupanga tanthauzo lathu m'malo modalira mayankho akunja. Ufulu umenewu umatipatsa mphamvu, komanso umatipatsa udindo waukulu.
Mapeto
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu ziliko monga sukulu ya filosofi kumapereka lingaliro lozama komanso lovuta la tanthauzo la moyo. Kuyambira Kierkegaard mpaka Camus, wafilosofi aliyense amapereka chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe tingapezere kapena kupanga tanthauzo m'miyoyo yathu, kuyenda mosatsimikizika, ndikuzindikira ufulu wathu ndi udindo wathu monga munthu payekha.
Mu dziko lokhala ndi kusintha kosalekeza komanso mavuto, nzeru ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu ikadali chitsogozo chofunikira kwa iwo omwe akufunafuna tanthauzo ndi chitsogozo m'miyoyo yawo. Ndi chiitano chokhala ndi moyo wonse, ndi kuzindikira ufulu wathu, udindo wathu, ndi kuthekera kwathu kupanga moyo wopindulitsa komanso weniweni.
