Magetsi osasunthika ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri mu fizikisi ya giredi 12. Imafotokoza zochitika zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi yopuma kapena yoyenda. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira, lamulo la Coulomb, ndi magawo amagetsi ndikofunikira pothetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi magetsi osasunthika. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto a magetsi osasunthika omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'mayeso a giredi 12, pamodzi ndi mayankho awo.
Malingaliro Oyambira a Magetsi Osasunthika
Mphamvu yamagetsi yosasinthasintha imachokera ku kusalingana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pamwamba pa chinthu. Mphamvu iyi imatha kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi kupita ku china kudzera mu njira monga kukangana, kuyendetsa, ndi kuyambitsa.
– Lamulo la Coulomb: Lamuloli limafotokoza mphamvu ya kukoka kapena kusokoneza pakati pa magetsi awiri a nsonga ziwiri. Fomula ya lamulo la Coulomb ndi iyi:
\[
F = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r^2}}
\]
Kumene:
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu pakati pa zotsutsa (Newton).
– \( k \) ndi mawu osasinthika a Coulomb (\( 8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \)).
– \( q_1 \) ndi \( q_2 \) ndi kukula kwa ma charges (Coulombs).
– \( r \) ndi mtunda pakati pa ma charge awiri (mita).
– Malo Ogulitsira Magetsi: Malo ogulitsira magetsi ndi malo ozungulira malo ogulitsira magetsi pomwe mphamvu yamagetsi imatha kumveka ndi malo ena ogulitsira magetsi. Malo ogulitsira magetsi \( E \) patali \( r \) kuchokera pamalo ogulitsira \( Q \) ndi awa:
\[
E = k \frac{Q}{r^2}
\]
Mafunso ndi Kukambirana Zitsanzo
Chitsanzo Funso 1: Mphamvu ya Coulomb
Funso:
Ma charge awiri amagetsi a \( 2 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \) ndi \( -3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \) ali pamtunda wa mamita 0,1. Werengani mphamvu ya Coulomb pakati pa ma charge awiriwa.
Yankho:
Gwiritsani ntchito njira ya Coulomb ya lamulo:
\[
F = k \frac{{|q_1 q_2|}}{{r^2}}
\]
M'malo mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino:
\[
F = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \, \malemba{N m}^2/\malemba{C}^2 \nthawi \frac{{(2 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C})(3 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C})}}{{(0,1 \, \malemba{m})^2}}
\]
\[
F = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi \frac{6 \nthawi 10^{-12}}{0,01}
\]
\[
F = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 6 \nthawi 10^{-10}
\]
\[
F = 53,94 \nthawi 10^{-1} \, \malemba{N}
\]
\[
F = 5,394 \, \malemba{N}
\]
Kotero, mphamvu ya Coulomb pakati pa milandu iwiriyi ndi 5,394 N.
Chitsanzo Funso 2: Malo Ogulitsira Magetsi Pamtengo Wochepa
Funso:
Werengerani mphamvu yamagetsi pa mtunda wa mamita 0,05 kuchokera pa chaji ya \( 4 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \).
Yankho:
Gwiritsani ntchito njira yamagetsi:
\[
E = k \frac{Q}{r^2}
\]
M'malo mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino:
\[
E = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \, \malemba{N m}^2/\malemba{C}^2 \nthawi \frac{4 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C}}{(0,05 \, \malemba{m})^2}
\]
\[
E = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi \frac{4 \nthawi 10^{-6}}{0,0025}
\]
\[
E = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 1,6 \nthawi 10^{-3}
\]
\[
E = 14,384 \nthawi 10^6 \, \malemba{N/C}
\]
\[
E = 1,4384 \nthawi 10^7 \, \malemba{N/C}
\]
Kotero, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili pamtunda wa mamita 0,05 kuchokera pa chaji ndi \( 1,4384 \times 10^7 \, \text{N/C} \).
Chitsanzo Funso 3: Mphamvu ya Magetsi
Funso:
Kuchajidwa kwa \( 5 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \) kumayikidwa pamalo enaake. Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi pa mtunda wa mamita 0,2 kuchokera pachaji.
Yankho:
Gwiritsani ntchito njira yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu:
\[
V = k \frac{Q}{r}
\]
M'malo mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino:
\[
V = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \, \malemba{N m}^2/\malemba{C}^2 \nthawi \frac{5 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C}}{0,2 \, \malemba{m}}
\]
\[
V = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 25 \nthawi 10^{-6}
\]
\[
V = 224,75 \nthawi 10^3 \, \malemba{V}
\]
\[
V = 2,2475 \nthawi 10^5 \, \malemba{V}
\]
Kotero, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili pamtunda wa mamita 0,2 kuchokera pa chaji ndi \( 2,2475 \times 10^5 \, \text{V} \).
Chitsanzo Funso 4: Mphamvu Yothekera ya Magetsi
Funso:
Ma charge awiri a \( 3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \) ndi \( -2 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C} \) ali pa mtunda wa mamita 0,1. Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi ya dongosololi.
Yankho:
Gwiritsani ntchito njira yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu:
\[
U = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r}
\]
M'malo mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino:
\[
U = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \, \malemba{N m}^2/\malemba{C}^2 \nthawi \frac{(3 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C})(-2 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \malemba{C})}{0,1 \, \malemba{m}}
\]
\[
U = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi \frac{-6 \nthawi 10^{-12}}{0,1}
\]
\[
U = -5,394 \nthawi 10^{-1} \, \malemba{J}
\]
\[
U = -0,5394 \, \malemba{J}
\]
Kotero, mphamvu yamagetsi ya dongosolo ndi -0,5394 J.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa magetsi osasunthika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambira monga lamulo la Coulomb, minda yamagetsi, mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndizofunikira kwambiri mu fizikisi ya giredi 12. Mwa kuphunzira zitsanzo za mavuto omwe ali pamwambapa, ophunzira akuyembekezeka kumvetsetsa bwino mfundozi ndikutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito pazochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mavutowa amathandizanso ophunzira kukonzekera mayeso ovuta komanso zovuta mtsogolo.
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi osiyanasiyana pamavuto amagetsi osasinthasintha kudzalimbitsa kumvetsetsa kwanu kwamalingaliro ndikukulitsa luso lanu lothana ndi mavuto. Nthawi zonse onetsetsani kuti mwamvetsetsa maziko a chiphunzitso musanagwiritse ntchito mavuto, chifukwa kumvetsetsa kolimba kudzakuthandizani kuthetsa mavuto moyenera komanso molondola.
