Chitsanzo cha Mafunso Okhudza Mphamvu ya M'munda wa Magetsi
Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu fizikisi lomwe limafotokoza mphamvu yamagetsi pamalo enaake mumlengalenga. Minda yamagetsi imapangidwa ndi ma charge amagetsi ndipo imatha kukhudza ma charge ena mkati mwa munda umenewo. Kuti timvetse bwino lingaliro ili, tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo za mavuto okhudzana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi momwe tingawathetsere.
Zoyambira za Minda Yamagetsi
Tisanalowe mu zitsanzo za mavuto, tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono za lingaliro loyambira la magetsi. Mphamvu ya magetsi (\(E\)) pamalo enaake m'mlengalenga imafotokozedwa ngati mphamvu (\(F\)) pa unit charge (\(q\)) yomwe imakumana ndi mayeso ochepa panthawiyo:
\[ E = \frac{F}{q} \]
Kumene:
– \(E\) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (N/C kapena V/m),
– \(F\) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imawonedwa ndi mphamvu (N),
– \(q\) ndi kukula kwa mtengo woyeserera (C).
Ngati gwero la mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu ya mfundo (Q), ndiye kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili patali (r) kuchokera pa mphamvu imaperekedwa ndi equation:
\[ E = \frac{k \cdot |Q|}{r^2} \]
Kumene:
– \(k\) ndi Coulomb yosasintha (\(8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2\)),
– \(Q\) ndiye gwero la ndalama (C),
– \(r\) ndi mtunda wochokera ku gwero la mphamvu kupita ku malo owonera (m).
Chitsanzo Funso 1: Malo Ogulitsira Magetsi Pamtengo Wochepa
Funso: Kuchaja \(Q\) kwa \(5 \nthawi 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) kumayikidwa koyambira (0,0). Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi pamtunda wa mamita awiri kuchokera pachaja.
Yankho:
Kuchokera ku equation ya electric field ndi point charge, titha kuwerengera mphamvu ya electric field motere:
\[ E = \frac{k \cdot |Q|}{r^2} \]
Lowetsani mfundo za \(k\), \(Q\), ndi \(r\):
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 5 \nthawi 10^{-6}}{2^2} \]
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 5 \nthawi 10^{-6}}{4} \]
\[ E = \frac{44.95 \times 10^3}{4} \]
\[ E = 11.2375 \nthawi 10^3 \]
\[ E = 11,237.5 \, \lemba{N/C} \]
Kotero, mphamvu ya magetsi pamtunda wa mamita awiri kuchokera pa chaji ndi \(11,237.5 \, \text{N/C}\).
Chitsanzo 2: Kuyika Malo Opangira Magetsi Pamwamba
Funso: Ma charge awiri, \(Q_1 = 4 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) ndi \(Q_2 = -3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) amayikidwa pa mtunda wa mamita atatu kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Werengani mphamvu ya magetsi pakati pa ma charge awiriwa.
Yankho:
Choyamba, timawerengera mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imapangidwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse pakati pa magetsi.
Kwa ndalama \(Q_1\):
\[r_1 = \frac{3}{2} = 1.5 \, \text{m} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{k \cdot |Q_1|}{r_1^2} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 4 \nthawi 10^{-6}}{1.5^2} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{35.96 \nthawi 10^3}{2.25} \]
\[ E_1 = 15.9822 \nthawi 10^3 \]
\[ E_1 = 15,982.2 \, \ mawu{N/C} \]
Kwa ndalama \(Q_2\):
\[r_2 = 1.5 \, \malemba{m} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{k \cdot |Q_2|}{r_2^2} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \nthawi 3 \nthawi 10^{-6}}{1.5^2} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{26.97 \nthawi 10^3}{2.25} \]
\[ E_2 = 11.9822 \nthawi 10^3 \]
\[ E_2 = 11,982.2 \, \ mawu{N/C} \]
Popeza \(Q_1\) ndi yabwino ndipo \(Q_2\) ndi yoipa, minda yawo yamagetsi pakati idzabwerera m'mbuyo. Chifukwa chake, tikuwonjezera minda iwiri yamagetsi:
\[ E = E_1 + E_2 \]
\[ E = 15,982.2 + 11,982.2 \]
\[ E = 27,964.4 \, \lemba{N/C} \]
Kotero, mphamvu ya magetsi pakati pa ma charge awiriwa ndi \(27,964.4 \, \text{N/C}\).
Chitsanzo 3: Malo Ogwiritsira Ntchito Magetsi Pogwiritsa Ntchito Dipole
Funso: Dipole yamagetsi imakhala ndi ma charge awiri \(\pm 4 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) omwe ali 1 cm kutali. Werengani mphamvu yamagetsi pamalo 1 mita kuchokera pakati pa dipole pa mzere wa dipole.
Yankho:
Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili m'mbali mwa dipole (pa mtunda wokwanira poyerekeza ndi mtunda womwe uli pakati pa ma dipole charges) imaperekedwa ndi:
\[ E = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \cdot \frac{2p}{r^3} \]
Kumene \(p\) ndi nthawi ya dipole yamagetsi (\(p = q \cdot d\)), \(d\) ndi mtunda pakati pa dipole charges, ndipo \(r\) ndi mtunda wochokera pakati pa dipole kupita ku malo owonera.
Choyamba, werengerani mphindi ya dipole:
\[ p = q \cdot d \]
\[ p = 4 \nthawi 10^{-6} \cdot 0.01 \]
\[ p = 4 \nthawi 10^{-8} \, \malemba{C m} \]
Kenako, werengerani mphamvu yamagetsi:
\[ E = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \cdot \frac{2p}{r^3} \]
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9}{1} \cdot \frac{2 \times 4 \times 10^{-8}}{1^3} \]
\[ E = 8.99 \nthawi 10^9 \cdot 8 \nthawi 10^{-8} \]
\[ E = 7.192 \nthawi 10^2 \]
\[ E = 719.2 \, \lemba{N/C} \]
Kotero, mphamvu ya magetsi pamalo okwana mita imodzi kuchokera pakati pa dipole pa dipole axis ndi \(719.2 \, \text{N/C}\).
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa mphamvu yamagetsi ndikofunikira kwambiri mu fizikisi ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Zitsanzo za mavuto omwe ali pamwambapa zikuwonetsa momwe mfundo zoyambira zamagetsi zamagetsi zingagwiritsidwire ntchito kuwerengera mphamvu yamagetsi m'makonzedwe osiyanasiyana amagetsi. Mavuto oyeserera ngati awa ndi othandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa lingaliro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Coulomb ndi superposition yamagetsi. Mwa kumvetsetsa ndikuchita mavuto ambiri, titha kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa kuyanjana kwamagetsi m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana.
