Chiphunzitso cha Postmodernism mu Anthropology ya Chikhalidwe
Postmodernism ndi sukulu ya maganizo yomwe yakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Si "chiphunzitso chimodzi chokha," koma ndi mndandanda wa ndemanga ndi njira zomwe zimatsutsa njira zakale zomvetsetsa chikhalidwe, chidziwitso, ndi machitidwe oimira. Mu anthropology, postmodernism inayamba ngati yankho ku ulamuliro wa malingaliro amakono—omwe ankakonda kukhulupirira mu kusachita zinthu mopitirira muyeso, kupita patsogolo kolunjika, ndi luso la asayansi lowonetsa zenizeni za anthu mosalowerera . Kudzera mu postmodernism, anthropology inalimbikitsidwa kuti ikhale yoganizira kwambiri: kudziwa zofooka za ofufuza, ubale wamphamvu pakupanga chidziwitso, ndi mawu osiyanasiyana omwe anali oletsedwa.
Chiyambi cha Kuyamba kwa Postmodernism
Postmodernism inayamba kuchokera ku mfundo zazikulu zamaganizo mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, filosofi, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe. Anthu oganiza monga Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard, ndi Jean Baudrillard nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhani ya postmodern. Anatsutsa lingaliro la "chowonadi cha chilengedwe chonse" ndipo analimbikitsa chidwi cha momwe chidziwitso chimapangidwira ndi chilankhulo, nkhani, mabungwe, ndi mphamvu. Mu anthropology, kutsutsa postmodern kunapeza mphamvu m'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, pamene machitidwe akale a ethnographic ankaonedwa kuti ndi odzidalira kwambiri ponena kuti "amafotokozera anthu" ngati kuti chikhalidwe chingagwidwe mwanjira yonse komanso yokhazikika.
Mu nthawi ya atsamunda ndi pambuyo pa atsamunda, maphunziro a anthropology adatsutsidwanso chifukwa chokhala "sayansi ya Wina," nthawi zina yogwirizana ndi zofuna za mphamvu. Postmodernism imatsutsa mfundo iyi: ndani ali ndi ufulu wolankhula za ndani? Kodi nkhani za akatswiri a anthropology zimapanga bwanji chithunzi cha magulu enaake? Mafunso awa amasuntha maphunziro a anthropology kuchoka pa chikhulupiriro mu "kufotokozera cholinga" kupita ku kuzindikira kuti ethnography ndi mtundu wa zolemba zokhala ndi kusankha, kutanthauzira, ndi ndale zoyimira.
Mfundo Zazikulu za Malingaliro a Pambuyo pa Masiku Ano mu Anthropology
1. Kutsutsa nkhani za metanarratives ndi universalism
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za postmodernism ndi kukayikira kwake za metanarratives—nkhani zazikulu za kupita patsogolo, kulingalira, kapena chitukuko cha anthu zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Mu anthropology, metanarratives nthawi zambiri zimawonekera mu ziphunzitso za chisinthiko kapena m'mawu akuluakulu omwe amaika magulu a anthu kuyambira "achikhalidwe" mpaka "amakono." Postmodernism imakana chizolowezichi ndipo imagogomezera kuti zikhalidwe ndi zambiri, zodzaza ndi zotsutsana, ndipo sizingathe kusinthidwa nthawi zonse kukhala njira imodzi yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko.
2. Kukana zonena kuti palibe tsankho
Postmodernism sikutanthauza kukana kafukufuku wa sayansi, koma imakana kunena kuti ofufuza sangakhale olowerera konse. Mu ethnography, kusankha mutu, njira yofunsira mafunso, ubale ndi opereka chidziwitso, komanso kalembedwe kake kudzakhudza "zotsatira" za kafukufukuyu. Chifukwa chake, kusinkhasinkha ndikofunikira: akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amavumbula malo awo (chikhalidwe, makhalidwe abwino, zokonda zamaphunziro) ndi momwe malo amenewo amakhudzira deta ndi kutanthauzira.
3. Kusamala chilankhulo, malemba, ndi mawonekedwe
Postmodernism imalimbikitsa kuwerenga kwa ethnography ngati nkhani. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito za ethnographic sizimangomveka ngati malipoti a zenizeni, koma ngati nkhani zokhala ndi kapangidwe, mawu, ndi njira zokopa. Akatswiri a anthropology a Postmodern akufunsa kuti: "anthu" mu ethnography amapangidwa bwanji? Ndani amapatsidwa mawu, ndani amatsekedwa? Kodi kusankha mawu kumakhudza bwanji malingaliro a gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa? Njira iyi imatsegula malo otsutsira malingaliro olakwika, kusokoneza, ndi kuphweka.
4. Kuyang'ana zinthu zambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu
M'malo mwa mawu amodzi okha, olamulira a anthu, postmodernism imalimbikitsa kuti anthu azilankhulana m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kupereka mawu ambiri, kuphatikizapo mawu ataliatali ochokera kwa anthu opereka uthenga, zokambirana, kapena nkhani zomwe zimavumbula kusiyana kwa maganizo mkati mwa anthu ammudzi. Chikhalidwe sichimaonedwa ngati njira yofanana, koma ngati bwalo lokambirana tanthauzo, mikangano, ndi kusiyana kwa kalasi, jenda, zaka, chipembedzo, kapena fuko.
5. Mphamvu ndi kupanga chidziwitso
Motsogozedwa ndi Foucault, postmodernism imagogomezera kugwirizana kwa chidziwitso ndi mphamvu. Anthropology siili yosiyana ndi maubwenzi amphamvu: mabungwe a maphunziro, ndalama zofufuzira, mfundo za boma, ndi mapangidwe apadziko lonse lapansi zimatha kusintha mitu ya kafukufuku ndi momwe ziganizo zimaperekedwera. Chifukwa chake, njira za postmodern nthawi zambiri zimalumikizana ndi kutsutsa pambuyo pa ukoloni, ufulu wa akazi, ndi maphunziro a subaltern, omwe amafuna kuwunikira magulu omwe amasiyidwa ndi nkhani zazikulu.
"Vuto la Kuyimira Anthu" ndi Kusintha kwa Machitidwe a Ethnographic
Mu maphunziro a anthu, postmodernism nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi vuto lotchedwa vuto la kuyimira. Vutoli limasonyeza kuzindikira kuti ethnography si "galasi" lowonetsa zenizeni monga momwe zilili, koma kapangidwe kake. Ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwa kwambiri mu mkanganowu zikuphatikizapo buku lakuti "Writing Culture" (1986), lomwe limafotokoza mbali zolankhula komanso zandale za kulemba kwa ethnography.
Zotsatira zake, kusintha kosiyanasiyana mu kafukufuku kwakhala koonekera kwambiri: choyamba, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu akulemba momasuka za njira yogwirira ntchito m'munda—kusokonezeka, mikangano, kulephera, ndi mavuto a makhalidwe abwino. Chachiwiri, pali kuyesa njira zolembera: kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani za munthu woyamba, nkhani zogwirira ntchito limodzi, kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana (monga nkhani, zolemba zakale, ndi kusanthula maphunziro). Chachitatu, pali kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wogwirira ntchito limodzi, komwe madera omwe akuphunziridwa akutenga nawo mbali popanga mafunso, kuwatanthauzira, komanso kulemba zotsatira zake.
Zopereka za Postmodernism ku Chikhalidwe cha Anthu
Postmodernism ikupereka chithandizo chachikulu posokoneza malo abwino a maphunzirowa. Imakumbutsa anthropology kuti isagwere mumsampha wonena zoona kapena chithunzi chokhazikika cha chikhalidwe. Mwa kutsindika kusiyanasiyana ndi nkhani, postmodernism imathandiza anthropology kukhala yokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chikhalidwe, kudziwika kosakanikirana, anthu ochokera kunja kwa dziko, kufalikira kwa dziko lonse, ndi kayendetsedwe ka nkhani. M'dziko lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri, chikhalidwe sichingatchulidwe nthawi zonse ngati mwambo wokhazikika wakomweko; m'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi kukumana, kusinthana, komanso mikangano pakati pa zokambirana.
Kuphatikiza apo, postmodernism imalimbikitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi khalidwe lofufuza moganizira kwambiri za mphamvu. Akatswiri a za anthu akukumbutsidwa kuti adzifunse kuti: kodi kafukufukuyu amapindulitsa anthu omwe akufufuzidwa? Kodi zotsatira zake zimakhala zotani ngati nkhani zina zitafalitsidwa? Motero akatswiri a za anthu amalimbikitsidwa kukhala ndi udindo waukulu, m'njira komanso m'makhalidwe abwino.
Kutsutsa kwa Postmodernism
Ngakhale kuti ili ndi mphamvu zake, postmodernism yakopanso kutsutsidwa. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu ndi chizolowezi chake choganizira kwambiri za kusiyana kwa zinthu: ngati chowonadi chonse chikuonedwa ngati chomanga, kodi n'zothekabe kusiyanitsa pakati pa kusanthula kwamphamvu ndi kofooka? Otsutsa ena amanena kuti postmodernism imayang'ana kwambiri zolemba ndi chilankhulo, kunyalanyaza zenizeni zakuthupi monga umphawi, chiwawa, ntchito, kapena kusalingana kwachuma. Palinso nkhawa kuti kusinkhasinkha mopitirira muyeso kumapangitsa kuti ethnography ikhale "yokhudza wofufuza" osati ya anthu ammudzi omwe akuphunziridwa.
M'machitidwe, akatswiri ambiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu agwiritsa ntchito mfundo yapakati: kulandira maphunziro a postmodern okhudza kusinthasintha maganizo ndi mphamvu ya kuyimira, koma akuyesetsabe kusanthula mwamphamvu kozikidwa pa nkhani zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha Postmodernist mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi gulu lofunika kwambiri lomwe lasintha momwe akatswiri a anthu amaonera chikhalidwe ndi kulemba nkhani za anthu. Chimakana kusinthasintha kwa zinthu, chimatsutsa zonena za kusachita zinthu mopitirira muyeso, ndipo chimafuna chisamaliro pa chilankhulo, kuyimira, ndi ubale wamphamvu popanga chidziwitso. Postmodernism imalimbikitsanso kuti anthu aziganizira kwambiri komanso azilankhula mosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azilankhula mosiyanasiyana m'dera.
Ngakhale kuti sikuti pali kutsutsa kwake—makamaka pankhani ya kudalirana kwa zinthu ndi chizolowezi cholemba mopitirira muyeso—postmodernism yasiya cholowa chofunikira: anthropology yomwe imadzidziwa bwino, imatsatira malamulo, komanso imazindikira zovuta za dziko la chikhalidwe. Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu chamakono chomwe chikuyenda bwino, njira ya postmodernism imathandiza anthropology kufunsa nthawi zonse momwe timamvetsetsera "zina" komanso, nthawi yomweyo, kudzimvetsetsa tokha ngati gawo la njira yodziwira.
