Maphunziro a Anthropological pa Zojambulajambula ndi Kusintha kwa Thupi
Kujambula zojambulajambula ndi kusintha thupi ndi machitidwe omwe analipo kale anthu amakono asanadziwe za singano zamagetsi, malo ojambulira zojambulajambula, kapena njira zochezera pa intaneti. Mu maphunziro a anthu, thupi silimamveka ngati chinthu chamoyo chokha, komanso ngati malo ochezera a anthu ndi chikhalidwe komwe umunthu, makhalidwe, mphamvu, ndi kukumbukira kwa anthu onse zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa. Chifukwa chake, zojambula zojambulajambula—pamodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha thupi monga kuboola, kudula, kuwonjezera miyendo, kuyika zinthu m'thupi, ndi opaleshoni yokongoletsa—zikhoza kuwerengedwa ngati chilankhulo chophiphiritsira chomwe chimagwirizanitsa anthu ndi dera, mbiri, ndi dongosolo la anthu.
Thupi ngati Nkhani Yachikhalidwe
Anthropology imati thupi la munthu nthawi zonse limagwirizana ndi miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, chipembedzo, zachuma, ndi ndale. Chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi "chokongola," "chabwinobwino," kapena "chopatuka" si gulu lapadziko lonse, koma ndi chikhalidwe. Ma tattoo ndi kusintha kwa thupi ndi zitsanzo zenizeni za momwe madera amalembera malire awa. Kwa madera ena, ma tattoo ndi udindo wachikhalidwe womwe umatsimikizira kukhwima kapena udindo; kwa ena, ma tattoo kale ankaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha upandu kapena kuperewera. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa matanthauzo kumasonyeza kuti thupi likhoza "kuwerengedwa" ngati lemba: lokhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimamveka kudzera mu zomwe chizolowezicho chimachitika.
Mbiri Yachidule: Chizolowezi Chakale Chomwe Chinafalikira Padziko Lonse
Umboni wa zinthu zakale ukusonyeza kuti kujambula zojambulajambula kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Kafukufuku wambiri akusonyeza kupezeka kwa mummy wa Ötzi (pafupifupi 3300 BC), womwe uli ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi zojambula zojambulajambula. M'madera osiyanasiyana—Polynesia, East Asia, Africa, komanso ku America—zojambulajambula ndi kusintha kwa thupi kunapangidwa ngati gawo la machitidwe ovuta achikhalidwe, osati kungokongoletsa chabe.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Polynesia, kujambula tattoo mwachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mibadwo, kutchuka, ndi kudziwika kwa gulu. M'madera ena aku Africa, kujambula tattoo kumachitika pofuna kuzindikiritsa ubale wa fuko, udindo wa anthu, komanso kukongola kwawo. Ku East Asia, miyambo ina ya tattoo yasintha mosiyanasiyana: nthawi zina zaluso zapamwamba, nthawi zina zogwirizana ndi chilango cha anthu, kutengera nthawi ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipo.
Ntchito za Anthu: Kudziwika, Udindo, ndi Miyambo Yodutsa
Mutu umodzi wofunikira mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi miyambo yokhudza kupita patsogolo kwa munthu: mndandanda wa zochitika zophiphiritsira zomwe zimawonetsa kusintha kwa udindo wa munthu, mwachitsanzo, kuyambira mwana kupita ku wamkulu, kuyambira wosakwatiwa kupita ku wokwatira, kapena kuchoka pa munthu wamba kupita ku mtsogoleri. Pachifukwa ichi, zojambula pa thupi ndi kusintha kwa thupi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati zizindikiro za kusintha.
M'madera ena, njira zopweteka sizimangoonedwa ngati zotsatira zake, koma ngati gawo la tanthauzo: ululu umamveka ngati mayeso, nsembe, kapena mtundu wa kudziletsa. Motero, thupi losinthidwa limakhala umboni wa zomwe zachitika pagulu—limakhala ndi “mbiri” yofanana.
Kupatula miyambo yodziwika, zojambula pa thupi zimathanso kusonyeza udindo ndi udindo wa munthu. Zithunzi zina zimatha kugogomezera udindo, kupambana kwa asilikali, ukatswiri, kapena maudindo amwambo. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, zizindikiro pa thupi zimagwira ntchito ngati "zovala zokhazikika," zomwe zimasonyeza umunthu wa munthu m'maso mwa anthu ammudzi mwawo.
Miyeso ya Mphamvu: Malamulo, Kusala, ndi Kukana
Anthropology sikuti imangoona miyambo yachikhalidwe ngati miyambo yosalowerera ndale komanso imasonyeza momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito kudzera m'thupi. Mayiko, mabungwe achipembedzo, miyambo ya makhalidwe abwino, komanso makampani azaumoyo ali ndi njira zowongolera zomwe zingachitike ku thupi. M'mbiri yambiri, zojambula pamanja zinali zoletsedwa kapena zimaonedwa ngati zoopsa ku dongosololi. Kusala kunayamba pamene matupi ojambulidwa pamanja ankawerengedwa ngati "osamvera," "akuthengo," kapena "oopsa."
Komabe, mbali inayi, zojambula pa thupi ndi kusintha thupi zimathandizanso ngati njira yotsutsana ndi kudziwika. Magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana—monga gulu la punk, magulu ena anyimbo, kapena magulu omenyera ufulu—nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha thupi kuti atsutse miyambo yolamulira. Mwanjira imeneyi, thupi limakhala bwalo landale: malo omwe anthu amawonetsera ufulu wawo, kukana, ndi zisankho zawo pa moyo.
Kukongola ndi Makhalidwe Abwino: Pakati pa Zaluso, Chikhalidwe, ndi Kugawa
Mu nthawi ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, kujambula tattoo kwasintha kwambiri: kuchoka pa ntchito yopatulika kapena ya anthu onse kupita ku luso laumwini ndi zinthu zamafakitale. Ma studio ojambula tattoo, misonkhano, anthu otchuka, ndi machitidwe opanga zinthu akufulumizitsa kusinthana kwa masitayelo kudutsa malire. Kumbali imodzi, izi zimatsegula malo a luso ndi kukulitsa kuvomerezana kwa anthu. Kumbali ina, nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino zimabuka, makamaka pankhani yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe: pamene zithunzi kapena zizindikiro zachikhalidwe zimatengedwa popanda kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lake, popanda chilolezo cha anthu ochokera kudera lomwe adachokera, kapena popanda kulemekeza miyambo yawo.
Maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu akugogomezera kufunika kokhala ndi chidwi ndi chikhalidwe. Zizindikiro zina zingakhale zopatulika, zogwirizana ndi mwambo, kapena zili ndi malamulo okhwima ogwiritsira ntchito. Zizindikirozi zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zokongoletsa, zimatha kukhala zopanda tanthauzo komanso kuvulaza madera omwe akhala akuwateteza kwa nthawi yayitali ngati cholowa.
Kusintha kwa Thupi Lamakono: Kugula Zinthu Moyenera ndi Ukadaulo
Ngakhale kuti kusintha thupi kunkachitika kwambiri mkati mwa chikhalidwe, masiku ano kumayendetsedwanso ndi ukadaulo, msika, ndi lingaliro la "kudzikonza." Opaleshoni yokongoletsa, zodzaza, opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, ngakhale biohacking ndi implants, zimakulitsa tanthauzo la kusintha thupi. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe amaona izi ngati gawo la chikhalidwe cha kugula zinthu: thupi limaonedwa ngati ntchito yomwe nthawi zonse imatha kukonzedwa, kukonzedwanso, ndikusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi miyezo ina yokongola.
Kusintha kumeneku kumabweretsa mafunso: Kodi zosankha za thupi ndi zaumwini motani, ndipo zimayendetsedwa bwanji ndi zovuta za anthu? Ma TV, malonda, ndi miyambo yokongola zimatha kupanga miyezo yosatheka, zomwe zimalimbikitsa anthu kusintha matupi awo kuti avomerezedwe. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, "zilakolako" sizimakhalapo zokha—zimapangidwa ndi malo ochezera.
Jenda ndi Thupi: Kukambirana za Kudziwika
Ma tattoo ndi kusintha thupi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi jenda. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matupi a amuna ndi akazi: ma tattoo pa amuna nthawi zina amagwirizanitsidwa ndi umuna, pomwe pa akazi amatha kuwoneka ngati akuphwanya malamulo a kudzichepetsa—kapena, mosiyana, ngati chizindikiro cha kudziyimira pawokha. M'madera ambiri, matupi a akazi amalamulidwa kwambiri kudzera mu malamulo a kavalidwe, makhalidwe abwino, ndi malamulo a "kuyenerera." Chifukwa chake, chisankho cha mkazi cholemba tattoo kapena kusintha zinazake chingakhale njira yokambirana mkati mwa ulamulirowu.
M'madera a anthu okonda kugonana ndi anthu osintha thupi, kusintha thupi—kuphatikizapo zojambula pa thupi, kuboola ziwalo, komanso njira zachipatala—nthawi zambiri ndi mbali ya njira yopangira umunthu womwe umamveka ngati weniweni. Anthropology imamvetsa izi osati nkhani yongofuna kukongola kokha, komanso yokhudza kudziwika ndi anthu, chitetezo, komanso kudziona kuti ndiwe wofunika.
Mapeto
Kafukufuku wa anthu okhudza ma tattoo ndi kusintha kwa thupi akusonyeza kuti thupi la munthu ndi malo osinthika a chikhalidwe. Ma tattoo si zithunzi chabe pakhungu, koma zizindikiro zomwe zingatanthauze umunthu, udindo wa anthu, maulendo a moyo, ubale wamphamvu, komanso kukana. Kusintha kwa thupi sikungamveke kokha kudzera mu magalasi azachipatala kapena okongola; nthawi zonse kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, makhalidwe abwino, komanso ndale.
Pakati pa kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi komanso kuyenda kwa zinthu, ndikofunikira kuona zojambula pa thupi ndi kusintha kwa thupi mozama kwambiri: kumvetsetsa mizu ya chikhalidwe, kulemekeza matanthauzo ophiphiritsa, komanso kuzindikira momwe miyambo ndi mphamvu zimasinthira zisankho zaumwini. Mwanjira imeneyi, maphunziro a anthu amatithandiza kuona kuti mzere uliwonse wa inki, chilonda, kapena kusintha kwa thupi kumafotokoza nkhani—osati yokhudza munthu payekha, komanso anthu omwe adabereka.
