Kusiyana pakati pa Linguistic Anthropology ndi Sociolinguistics
Chilankhulo sichipezeka paliponse. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ndi anthu, m'madera osiyanasiyana, m'mikhalidwe inayake, komanso pazifukwa zinazake. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wasayansi wa chilankhulo nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu—makamaka anthropology ndi sociology. Magawo awiri omwe nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi ofanana, ngakhale ogwirizana, ndi linguistics anthropology ndi sociologylinguistics. Onse awiri amafufuza ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi moyo wa anthu, koma amasiyana mu cholinga, mafunso ofufuza, miyambo yasayansi, ndi njira zowonera "chilankhulo" ndi "society." Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwadongosolo kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi, pamodzi ndi zitsanzo, kuti zithandize kumvetsetsa.
Kumvetsetsa Chilankhulo cha Anthu
Anthropology ya zilankhulo ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira chilankhulo ngati gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Cholinga chake ndi momwe chilankhulo chimapangidwira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kutanthauziridwa m'makhalidwe achikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso momwe chilankhulo chimagwirizanirana ndi umunthu, miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, cosmology, ndi momwe anthu ammudzi amamvetsetsera dziko lapansi.
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, chilankhulo sichimaonedwa ngati njira yolankhulirana kapena mawu okha, koma ngati njira yolankhulirana ndi chikhalidwe: njira zolankhulirana, njira zolankhulirana, kusankha mawu, ndi malamulo osalembedwa omwe amalamulira khalidwe lolankhulana. Anthropology ya zilankhulo imaganiziranso za mbiri yakale, mphamvu, ukoloni, kusamuka, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kumakhudza machitidwe a zilankhulo.
Zitsanzo za mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu:
- Kodi mitundu ya moni m'gulu imawonetsa bwanji kapangidwe ka ubale ndi maudindo a anthu?
- Kodi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha "kuimba nyimbo", "kusimba nkhani", kapena "kupemphera" m'chilankhulo china ndi chiyani?
- Kodi chilankhulo cha miyambo chimasiyana bwanji ndi chilankhulo cha tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ammudzi amachisunga?
Kumvetsetsa Zilankhulo za Anthu
Chilankhulo cha anthu ndi nthambi ya zilankhulo zomwe zimaphunzira ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi anthu, makamaka kusinthasintha kwa chilankhulo ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu. Akatswiri a zilankhulo za anthu nthawi zambiri amafufuza momwe chilankhulo chimasinthira kapena kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu monga gulu la anthu, zaka, jenda, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro, ntchito, fuko, malo ochezera, kapena zochitika zovomerezeka.
Maphunziro ambiri okhudza zilankhulo za anthu amayamba ndi mafunso akuti: "Kodi anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilankhulo pazikhalidwe ziti?" kapena "Kodi kusintha kwa zilankhulo kumafalikira bwanji m'dera?"
Zitsanzo za mafunso okhudza zilankhulo:
- N’chifukwa chiyani achinyamata a m’mizinda amagwiritsa ntchito mawu enaake pafupipafupi kuposa akuluakulu?
- Kodi kusankha chilankhulo (zilankhulo za ku Indonesia ndi za m'madera osiyanasiyana) kukugwirizana bwanji ndi maphunziro kapena kusinthasintha kwa anthu?
- Kodi chilankhulo cha m'deralo chimakhudza bwanji momwe anthu amaonera olankhula (monga kuonedwa ngati "ozizira," "osauka," kapena "olamulira")?
Kusiyana kwa Kuyang'ana Kwambiri pa Phunziro
Kusiyana koonekeratu kwambiri kuli mu cholinga chachikulu.
1. Kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo nthawi zambiri amaona chilankhulo ngati njira yodziwira chikhalidwe: makhalidwe, zizindikiro, machitidwe, ndi matanthauzo omwe alipo m'dera. Chilankhulo chimaphunziridwa ngati gawo la moyo wonse wa anthu.
2. Chilankhulo cha anthu chimakonda kuika chilankhulo ngati chinthu chosinthasintha cha chilankhulo, kenako chimagwirizanitsa kusiyana kumeneku ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Cholinga chake chachikulu nthawi zambiri chimakhala kufotokoza momwe chinenerocho chimasinthira komanso kusintha kutengera zinthu za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, maphunziro a chilankhulo amafunsa kuti “Kodi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha momwe anthu amalankhulira ndi chiyani?”, pomwe maphunziro a sociolinguistics amafunsa kuti “kodi anthu amakhudza bwanji mtundu wa chilankhulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kufalikira kwake?”.
Kusiyana kwa Miyambo ya Sayansi ndi Mbiri Yophunzitsira
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kunachokera kwambiri ku miyambo ya anthu (makamaka chikhalidwe cha anthu), pomwe kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kunachokera ku miyambo ya zilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
- Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kuli pafupi ndi kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu: kugwira ntchito nthawi yayitali m'munda, kutenga nawo mbali pa moyo wa anthu ammudzi, ndi kutanthauzira tanthauzo.
- Chilankhulo cha anthu nthawi zambiri chimafanana ndi chilankhulo: kuyeza kusiyana kwa mawu, mawonekedwe, kapena kusankha mawu; kupanga mapu a zilankhulo; kupanga zinthu zambiri kutengera deta yambiri.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti magawo awiriwa nthawi zambiri amabwereka mfundo kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro amakono a zilankhulo amagwiritsanso ntchito njira yowunikira anthu; pomwe maphunziro a zilankhulo amathanso kuchita kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa zilankhulo.
Kusiyana kwa Njira Zofufuzira
Kusiyana kotsatira kumawoneka m'njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Njira ya Anthropology ya Zilankhulo
– Kujambula mitundu ya anthu polankhulana: kuyang'anira ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa moyo wa anthu ammudzi kuti mumvetse malamulo olankhulana.
- Kuyang'anitsitsa ophunzira kwa nthawi yayitali.
- Kusanthula nkhani zomwe zimagogomezera chikhalidwe ndi kuyanjana.
- Kusonkhanitsa nkhani zachikhalidwe, nkhani za miyambo, machitidwe ofotokozera nkhani, ndi zolemba za zilankhulo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala kufotokozera kokwanira za machitidwe a chilankhulo ndi matanthauzo a chikhalidwe.
Njira Zophunzitsira Zilankhulo za Anthu
- Kafukufuku wokonzedwa bwino ndi mafunso okambirana kuti asonkhanitse deta kuchokera kwa okamba nkhani angapo.
- Maphunziro osiyanasiyana: kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zochitika za chilankhulo (monga matchulidwe ena) m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.
- Kujambula mawu ndi maphunziro okhudza kusintha kwa chinenero.
- Kusanthula ziwerengero za malingaliro a chilankhulo.
Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira yosiyana: ndani amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ati, liti, komanso m'mikhalidwe iti.
Kusiyana kwa Magawo Osanthula
– Anthropology ya zilankhulo nthawi zambiri imasanthula zochitika zolumikizirana ngati gawo la machitidwe achikhalidwe: miyambo, miyambo, zokambirana zachikhalidwe, njira zochiritsira zachikhalidwe, komanso machitidwe oseketsa am'deralo. Gawo lowunikira lingakhale "chochitika cholankhula" chokhala ndi miyambo, ophunzira, zolinga, ndi zizindikiro zachikhalidwe.
– Katswiri wa zilankhulo za anthu nthawi zambiri amasanthula kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu, mawu, kapena kapangidwe kake: kusankha ma pronoun, kusiyanasiyana kwa matchulidwe, kusintha kwa ma code, mitundu yovomerezeka-yosavomerezeka, ndi zina zotero.
Chitsanzo Choyerekeza Nkhani
Mwachitsanzo, pali kafukufuku wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za m'deralo ndi Chiindoneziya m'mudzi womwe ukukulirakulira m'mizinda.
– Ofufuza za zilankhulo za anthu angayese: kangati nzika zimagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za m'deralo poyerekeza ndi Chiindoneziya, magulu azaka omwe amasintha zilankhulo nthawi zambiri, komanso ngati maphunziro amakhudza kusankha chilankhulo.
- Ofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo angafufuze: tanthauzo lophiphiritsira la zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana kuti adziwe munthu komanso kumva "anthu am'deralo," momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'miyambo, momwe manyazi kapena kunyada zimapangidwira kudzera mu zochitika zakale, komanso momwe kusintha kwa chilankhulo kumakhudzirana ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe ndi ubale wa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana.
Onse awiri amakambirana zinthu zofanana, koma cholinga ndi kuzama kwa kutanthauzira kungakhale kosiyana.
Mfundo Zokumana ndi Kukumana
Ngakhale kuti ndi osiyana, madera awiriwa amafanana. Mitu monga kusintha ma code, malingaliro a chilankhulo, umunthu, ndi mphamvu zitha kuphunziridwa ndi onse awiri. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti sociolinguistics imakonda kutsindika machitidwe a anthu ndi kufalikira kwa kusiyanasiyana; chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo chimagogomezera kwambiri miyambo, zizindikiro, ndi miyambo ya tsiku ndi tsiku yomwe imayika kusiyanasiyana kumeneko.
Mu zomwe zachitika posachedwapa, ofufuza ambiri akuphatikiza njira izi: kugwiritsa ntchito deta yochuluka kuti afotokoze kusiyana kwa zinthu, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito ethnography kuti afotokoze chifukwa chake kusiyana kumeneko kuli kofunikira kwa anthu ammudzi.
Mapeto
Anthropology ya zilankhulo ndi sociolinguistics zonse zimaphunzira chilankhulo m'malo ochezera anthu, koma zimatsindika zosiyana. Anthropology ya zilankhulo imawona chilankhulo ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe ndipo imagogomezera tanthauzo, machitidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sociolinguistics imagogomezera kusiyana kwa zilankhulo mkati mwa anthu , zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusankha chinenero, ndi machitidwe a kusintha kwa chinenero omwe angaonekere mwadongosolo komanso nthawi zambiri mochuluka.
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika kuti tithe kusankha njira yoyenera yokwaniritsira zolinga zathu zofufuzira: kaya tikufuna kutanthauzira chilankhulo ngati njira yofotokozera chikhalidwe ndi umunthu, kapena tikufuna kufotokoza kusiyana kwa chilankhulo ndi ubale wake ndi kapangidwe ka anthu . Pomaliza, zonsezi zimathandizana pofotokoza chinthu chimodzi: chilankhulo ndi galasi komanso chida chopangira moyo wa munthu.
Ngati mukufuna, ndingakuthandizeni powonjezera zitsanzo za kafukufuku ku Indonesia, mndandanda wa anthu ofunikira ndi malingaliro m'munda uliwonse, kapena polemba nkhaniyi mu fomu ya pepala la maphunziro yokhala ndi mawu oyamba - njira - kukambirana - mathero ndi zolemba.
