Udindo wa Chilankhulo cha Anthu mu Kumvetsetsa Anthu
Anthropology ya zilankhulo ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira chilankhulo ngati gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi moyo wa anthu. Cholinga chake sichili pa galamala kapena mawu okha, koma m'malo mwake ndi momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'malo enaake a anthu: ndani amalankhula ndi ndani, m'mikhalidwe iti, ndi mawu ati omwe amasankhidwa, komanso pazifukwa ziti za anthu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, chilankhulo chimamveka ngati chikhalidwe—chida chomangira ubale, kutsimikizira umunthu, kupanga malire a anthu, komanso kusunga kapena kutsutsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, anthropology ya zilankhulo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri potithandiza kumvetsetsa anthu mozama kwambiri, osati kudzera mu zomwe akunena, komanso kudzera mu momwe amanenera komanso matanthauzo a anthu omwe amatsatira.
Chilankhulo monga galasi la chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zaperekedwa mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuwonetsa kuti chilankhulo chimasonyeza momwe anthu amaonera dziko lonse. Gulu lililonse lili ndi magulu achikhalidwe omwe ali m'chilankhulo chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, momwe gulu limatchulira achibale (amalume, azakhali, abale, alongo) nthawi zambiri zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza kapangidwe ka banja, mzere, ndi makhalidwe omwe amaonedwa. M'zikhalidwe zina, mawu osiyanasiyana a amalume a abambo ndi amayi amasonyeza kuti ubale si wachibadwa chabe, komanso wachikhalidwe komanso wandale.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilankhulo chingathenso kufotokoza mfundo zofunika zokhudza nthawi, malo, kapena ulemu. M'zilankhulo zina, olankhula ayenera kuonetsa momveka bwino ubale wa anthu akamalankhula, mwachitsanzo kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana, mawu otchulira, kapena milingo yolankhulirana. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu amaika patsogolo kwambiri ulamuliro, kuyandikira, ndi ulemu. Motero, kuphunzira chilankhulo kumatanthauza kuwerenga "mapu achikhalidwe" omwe amaonekera m'machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kumvetsetsa Kudziwika kwa Anthu ndi Umembala
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo kumathandiza kufotokoza momwe munthu amadziwira komanso kukambirana kudzera m'chilankhulo. Munthu sangokhala wokhazikika, koma nthawi zonse amapangidwa kudzera m'machitidwe a anthu, kuphatikizapo machitidwe a chinenero. Munthu akhoza kuwonetsa munthu winawake—monga wachinyamata, wophunzira, membala wa fuko linalake, kapena gawo la gulu la akatswiri—mwa kusankha mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kalankhulidwe, komanso chilankhulo chomwe wasankha (monga kusintha pakati pa Chiindoneziya ndi chilankhulo cha m'deralo).
Chitsanzo chofala kwambiri cha kusinthana ma code ndi chitsanzo chomwe chimaphunziridwa kawirikawiri. M'madera ambiri a Indonesia, anthu amasinthana pakati pa Chiindoneziya ndi zilankhulo zawo za m'madera, kapena mosiyana, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Kusinthaku sikungokhala nkhani ya luso lolankhula zilankhulo ziwiri zokha, komanso njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu: kuwonetsa kudziwana, kutsimikizira kudziwika kwanuko, kusunga ulemu, kapena kusonyeza mtunda. Pofufuza nthawi komanso chifukwa chake kusinthana ma code kumachitika, maphunziro a chilankhulo amatsegula chidziwitso cha momwe kudziwika, mgwirizano, ndi malire ammudzi zimagwirira ntchito.
Chilankhulo, Mphamvu, ndi Kusalingana
Chilankhulo sichili chopanda tsankho. Kafukufuku wa zilankhulo amasonyeza kuti chilankhulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati bwalo la mphamvu. Ndani amaonedwa kuti “amalankhula molondola,” chilankhulo chiti chimaonedwa kuti ndi “chovomerezeka,” ndi chilankhulo chiti chomwe chimatchedwa “kampungan” ndi zigamulo za anthu zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri mwayi wantchito, maphunziro, ndi kuyenda kwa anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya mfundo za boma, kulamulira chilankhulo chovomerezeka kungapindulitse magulu ena pomwe kumaika anthu olankhula zilankhulo zazing'ono m'malo osiyana. Ana omwe amakula akulankhula chilankhulo chosiyana ndi chilankhulo chophunzitsira kusukulu angakumane ndi zopinga zophunzirira osati chifukwa chosowa nzeru, koma chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa zilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe. Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kumachita gawo povumbulutsa kusalingana kumeneku ndikupereka maziko a maphunziro ophatikizana, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu njira yolankhulirana zilankhulo ziwiri kapena kuzindikira mitundu ya zilankhulo zakomweko mkalasi.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphunzira nkhani n'kofunika kwambiri. Mmene atolankhani, akuluakulu a boma, kapena mabungwe amalankhulira za magulu enaake kungayambitse manyazi. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha mawu monga "osamukira," "osauka," "obwerera m'mbuyo," kapena "osakhazikika" kuli ndi mfundo zomwe zingakhudze mfundo za anthu ndi chithandizo. Anthropology ya zilankhulo imathandiza kuzindikira momwe nkhani imapangira zenizeni za anthu komanso momwe chilankhulo chingagwiritsidwire ntchito kuvomereza mphamvu.
Kutanthauzira Malamulo, Makhalidwe Abwino, ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Magulu ali ndi malamulo osalembedwa okhudza nthawi yomwe anthu angalankhule, kwa ndani, kamvekedwe kake, ndi mitu yoyenera. Linguistics anthropology imaphunzira malamulo olankhulirana awa ngati gawo la makhalidwe abwino a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena, kulankhula mwachindunji komanso mosapita m'mbali kungaonedwe ngati koona mtima komanso kothandiza; m'madera ena, kungawoneke ngati mwano komanso kunyalanyaza ulemu ndi mgwirizano.
Malingaliro monga "ulemu" si a anthu onse; amapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe. Kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu a zilankhulo angathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake kusamvana kumachitika nthawi zambiri polankhulana pakati pa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo m'malo ogwirira ntchito amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyanjana kwa anthu, kapena maubwenzi a mibadwo yosiyanasiyana. Pomvetsetsa miyambo yothandiza—matanthauzo omwe amachokera ku momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito—timazindikira bwino kuti mikangano yolankhulana nthawi zambiri si yokhudza zolinga zoipa, koma kusiyana kwa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha chilankhulo.
Chilankhulo ngati Chizolowezi cha Anthu M'moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Anthropology ya zilankhulo imagogomezeranso kuti chilankhulo ndi chochitika (kulankhula), osati kungoyimira chabe. Munthu akalonjeza, kupepesa, kupereka lamulo, kapena kusonyeza chithandizo, samangopereka chidziwitso, koma akuchita zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, kunena kuti "Pepani" kungabwezeretse ubale, pomwe mawu omwewo opanda nkhani yoyenera angaoneke ngati aulemu kapena osakhulupirika. Pachifukwa ichi, anthropology ya zilankhulo imafufuza momwe tanthauzo limatulukira kuchokera ku kuyanjana, osati kuchokera m'mawu okha.
Kuphunzira zokambirana za tsiku ndi tsiku—monga momwe anthu amasinthirana kulankhula, kusokoneza, kapena kuyankha—kumavumbula chidziwitso cha machitidwe obisika a anthu. Ndani nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa zokambirana? Ndani amaloledwa kusokoneza? Ndani amanyalanyazidwa ndi mawu a ndani? Mafunso awa amatithandiza kumvetsetsa ubale wa jenda, zaka, udindo, ndi ulamuliro mkati mwa dera linalake. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu “amaonekera” m’njira zawo zolankhulirana.
Kusunga Chilankhulo ndi Chikhalidwe Cholowa
Udindo wina wofunikira ndi kulemba ndi kusunga zilankhulo, makamaka zomwe zili pangozi yotha. Zilankhulo zimakhala ndi chidziwitso cha m'deralo: mayina a zomera zamankhwala, machitidwe achikhalidwe a ulimi, mbiri yolankhulidwa, komanso malingaliro auzimu. Ngati chilankhulo chatayika, mawu okhawo amasowa, komanso njira yapadera yomvetsetsa chilengedwe ndi moyo ya anthu ammudzi.
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo kumathandizira kudzera m'ntchito zakumunda: kulemba nkhani zakale, zokambirana, miyambo, nyimbo, ndi mawu achikhalidwe. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala ngati zida zophunzitsira, zolemba zakale za anthu ammudzi, kapena magwero okonzanso chilankhulo. Kuphatikiza apo, khama loteteza limayang'ananso ufulu wa chikhalidwe: kuzindikira kuti madera ali ndi ufulu wosunga zilankhulo zawo ndi umunthu wawo pakati pa zovuta zakusintha kwamakono ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi.
Kufunika kwa Anthu Amakono ndi a Pakompyuta
Mu nthawi ya malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi kulankhulana kwa digito, maphunziro a chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akukhala ofunika kwambiri. Chilankhulo chikusintha mofulumira: mawu atsopano a chilankhulo, njira zolembera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsanja, ma meme, mawu ofupikitsa, ndi kusakaniza ma code pafupipafupi zikubuka. Izi sizinthu zongochitika chabe, koma zikusonyeza kusintha kwa momwe anthu amamangira umunthu wawo, mgwirizano wawo, ndi ulamuliro wawo pa malo a digito.
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kungatithandize kumvetsetsa zinthu monga "chilankhulo cha pa intaneti," chikhalidwe cha ndemanga, kapena momwe nkhani zandale zimachitikira pa intaneti. Kodi nkhani zimafalikira bwanji? Kodi mayina ena amafalikira bwanji ndikugawa anthu? Kodi nthabwala ndi zoseketsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji potsutsa mphamvu? Mafunso awa akusonyeza kuti chilankhulo ndi malo osinthasintha nthawi zonse, ndipo kumvetsetsa kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
Mapeto
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa kumalumikiza chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe m'machitidwe enieni a anthu. Kudzera mu maphunziro a tanthauzo, momwe zinthu zilili, umunthu, malamulo olumikizirana, mphamvu, komanso kusintha kwa chilankhulo m'nthawi ya digito, maphunzirowa amatithandiza kuona kuti chilankhulo si chida chongolankhulana, koma maziko a moyo wa anthu. Mwa kumvetsetsa momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito m'gulu la anthu, titha kukhala ozindikira kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, kutsutsa kwambiri kusalingana, komanso kukhala okhoza kumanga kulumikizana kophatikizana komanso kofanana. Pomaliza, kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuphunzira za umunthu wokha—mu zovuta zonse za ubale wake ndi anthu.
