Ubale Pakati pa Chilankhulo ndi Chikhalidwe Kuchokera ku Malingaliro a Anthropology
Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe zimamveka ngati zinthu ziwiri zogwirizana komanso zosagwirizana. Chilankhulo si njira yolankhulirana yokha, komanso njira yayikulu yomangira, kusunga, ndi kufalitsa chikhalidwe. Komabe, chikhalidwe chimapereka maziko a tanthauzo la chilankhulo: kudziwa momwe anthu amasankhira mawu, kupanga ziganizo, kufotokoza malingaliro, komanso kudziwa zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zaulemu kapena zopanda ulemu m'mayanjano a anthu . Malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu amaika chilankhulo ngati gawo la machitidwe amoyo a anthu, omwe kukhalapo kwawo nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi mbiri yakale, mphamvu, umunthu, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe mkati mwa anthu.
Chilankhulo monga Dongosolo la Zizindikiro za Chikhalidwe
Anthropology imaona chikhalidwe ngati dongosolo la zizindikiro—gulu la matanthauzo omwe anthu ammudzi amavomerezana ndi kuchita. Mkati mwa dongosololi, chilankhulo ndiye dongosolo la zizindikiro zovuta kwambiri komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kudzera mu chilankhulo, anthu amatchula zinthu, zochitika, malingaliro, maubwenzi, ndi malingaliro osamveka bwino. Mayina awa salowerera ndale; amakhudzidwa ndi momwe gulu limaonera dziko lapansi.
Mwachitsanzo, mawu achibale m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana amasonyeza momwe anthu amakonzera ubale wa anthu. Chiindonesia chimasiyanitsa pakati pa "amalume" ndi "azakhali," pomwe zilankhulo zina zachigawo zimakhala ndi mawu osiyana a amalume a amayi ndi abambo, kapena zimasiyanitsa kutengera zaka. Kusiyana kumeneku m'mawu kumasonyeza kufunika kwa mzere, kapangidwe ka banja, ndi miyambo ya anthu yomwe imapezeka m'zikhalidwe zakomweko.
Kugwirizana kwa Zilankhulo: Malingaliro a Maonekedwe a Zilankhulo
Chimodzi mwa mitu yakale mu anthropology ya chilankhulo ndi linguistic relativity, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kapangidwe ka chilankhulo kamatha kusintha momwe anthu amaganizira ndikuwona zenizeni. Lingaliroli nthawi zambiri limanenedwa kuti ndi la Edward Sapir ndi Benjamin Lee Whorf. Mu mtundu wocheperako (womwe umavomerezedwa kwambiri masiku ano), chilankhulo sichimasankha "malingaliro" kotheratu, koma chimakonda "kutsogolera chidwi" kapena kupanga zizolowezi zina zamaganizo.
Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo zina zimakhala ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zimadalira kwambiri malo (kumpoto–kum’mwera–kum’mawa–kumadzulo) kuposa “kumanzere–kumanja.” Olankhula zilankhulozi nthawi zambiri amaphunzitsidwa kuti azidziwa bwino malo ndi malangizo mumlengalenga. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chilankhulo chimalimbikitsa zizolowezi zina zozindikira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chilankhulo monga Machitidwe a Anthu: Nkhani, Mphamvu, ndi Kudziwika
Anthropology yamakono ikugogomezera kuti chilankhulo chiyenera kumvedwa ngati njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu, osati njira yolankhulirana yokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tanthauzo la mawu silichokera m'mawu okha, komanso kwa amene akulankhula, kwa ndani, mu mkhalidwe uti, komanso cholinga chake. Apa ndi pomwe chilankhulo chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ubale wa mphamvu ndi umunthu.
Kusankha chilankhulo kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa chilankhulo kungasonyeze gulu la anthu, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro, dera lomwe anachokera, zaka, komanso malingaliro. M'nkhani ya ku Indonesia, kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chokhazikika cha ku Indonesia nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka monga masukulu, mabungwe aboma, kapena atolankhani adziko, pomwe mitundu yosakhala yokhazikika ndi zilankhulo zachigawo zimawonekera kwambiri m'banja, mdera, komanso pamsika. Kusintha kumeneku kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa chilankhulo sikungokhala nkhani yolankhulana mwaukadaulo, koma kukuwonetsa kukambirana za umunthu: pamene wina adziwonetsa ngati "nzika ya dziko," "wamba," "wachinyamata," kapena "waluso."
M'madera ambiri, luso lolankhula chilankhulo china limatsegula mwayi wopeza mwayi wazachuma komanso wachikhalidwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, olankhula zilankhulo zazing'ono kapena zilankhulo zakomweko nthawi zina amakumana ndi manyazi—omwe amaonedwa ngati amakono kapena osaphunzira kwenikweni. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe amaona izi ngati njira yandale, momwe chilankhulo chimakhala chuma chomwe chingapindulitse kapena kusokoneza magulu ena.
Ulemu ndi Zikhalidwe Zachikhalidwe mu Chilankhulo
Chilankhulo chilinso ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yokhudza ulemu, ulamuliro, ndi makhalidwe abwino a anthu. Izi zimawonekera m'njira zolonjerana, kusankha mawu, ndi kalankhulidwe. M'zikhalidwe zomwe zimagogomezera zaka kapena udindo, chilankhulo nthawi zambiri chimapereka mitundu ya ulemu. Mwachitsanzo, Chijava chimazindikira milingo yolankhulirana (ngoko, madya, krama), zomwe zimafuna kuti olankhula aziganizira za ubale wa anthu asanalankhule.
Ulemu si wa anthu onse; zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zaulemu m'chikhalidwe china zingasiyane ndi zina. Madera ena amaona kulankhula mwachindunji ngati kuona mtima, pomwe ena amaona kuti kulankhula molunjika kwambiri ndi mwano. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa chilankhulo kumatanthauzanso kumvetsetsa mfundo zake zachikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo momwe anthu amachitira zinthu m'mikangano, kupereka ndemanga, kapena kusonyeza kusamvana.
Chilankhulo, Miyambo Yolankhulidwa, ndi Cholowa Chachikhalidwe
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe bungwe la anthropology limapereka ndi chidwi chake pa miyambo ya pakamwa: nthano, nthano, mawu ofotokozera, malankhulidwe achikhalidwe, nyimbo, ndakatulo, miyambi, ndi mitundu ina ya nkhani za anthu ammudzi. Miyambo ya pakamwa si zosangalatsa chabe; ndi malo osungira chidziwitso cha anthu onse. Kudzera m'nkhani ndi mawu enaake, makhalidwe abwino, mbiri ya magulu, chilengedwe, ndi malamulo a anthu zimafalikira kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwomibadwo.
M'madera ambiri, zilankhulo zakomweko zimakhala ndi malingaliro ndi magulu achikhalidwe omwe ndi ovuta kuwamasulira molondola m'zilankhulo zina. Chilankhulo chikawonongeka, si mawu okha ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo zomwe zimatayika, komanso njira zosiyana zotanthauzira zomwe zachitika pamoyo. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro a chilankhulo nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi zolemba za chilankhulo ndi ntchito zokonzanso chikhalidwe monga gawo la kusunga cholowa cha chikhalidwe.
Kulankhulana ndi Zilankhulo, Kugwirizana kwa Dziko Lonse, ndi Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe
Ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe umawonekeranso mu kusintha kwa zinthu—makamaka pazochitika zokhudzana ndi chilankhulo chifukwa cha kusamuka, malonda, ukoloni, maphunziro amakono, ndi njira zolumikizirana pa intaneti. Kufalikira kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kukuyambitsa kufalikira kwa zilankhulo zazikulu zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pazachuma. Mwachitsanzo, ku Indonesia, Indonesia yakhala chilankhulo chogwirizanitsa dziko lonse, pomwe Chingerezi chikufunika kwambiri pamaphunziro ndi kuntchito. Zotsatira zake zitha kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo ziwiri, kusintha ma code, komanso kubuka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zilankhulo, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata komanso m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.
Kusintha kwa chilankhulo nthawi zambiri kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe: m'mavalidwe, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, nyimbo zomwe anthu amakonda, komanso mibadwo. Komabe, maphunziro a anthu amatikumbutsa kuti kusintha sikutanthauza "kutayika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo." M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri anthu amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza zinthu zam'deralo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza ma code kungakhale njira yowonetsera umunthu wa anthu am'deralo pamene "ukugwirizana" ndi anthu am'deralo.
Njira za Anthropology pophunzira Chilankhulo ndi Chikhalidwe
Anthropology ili ndi njira yapadera yomvetsetsa chilankhulo, makamaka kudzera mu kuyang'anira ophunzira ndi ethnography. Ofufuza samangosonkhanitsa deta ya chilankhulo monga mndandanda wa mawu kapena kapangidwe ka galamala, komanso amawona momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'zochitika zenizeni: kunyumba, pamsika, kusukulu, pamwambo wachikhalidwe , pamisonkhano ya m'mudzi, kapena m'malo ochezera pa intaneti.
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lobisika la mawu, kuphatikizapo nthabwala, zoseketsa, mafanizo, ndi zizindikiro zakomweko. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a anthu amafufuza "zochitika zolankhulirana" - monga nkhani zaukwati, zokambirana zamalonda, kapena miyambo yachipembedzo - monga malo omwe chilankhulo, malingaliro, mphamvu, ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe zimakumana.
Mapeto
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ubale pakati pa chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe ndi wofanana komanso wosinthasintha. Chilankhulo chimapanga ndi kutumiza chikhalidwe kudzera mu zizindikiro, magulu a matanthauzo, ndi machitidwe olankhulana a tsiku ndi tsiku. Chikhalidwe, nthawi yomweyo, chimapereka chikhalidwe chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito: nthawi, ndi ndani, mu mitundu iti, komanso pazifukwa ziti. Pamene anthu akusintha chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, kusamuka, kapena ukadaulo, chilankhulo chimasintha pamodzi nacho; komabe, kusintha koteroko sikutanthauza kuchepa; kungatsegulenso mwayi wopanga zatsopano zachikhalidwe.
Kumvetsetsa chilankhulo kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa anthu monga anthu okhala mkati mwa ukonde wa makhalidwe abwino, umunthu, ndi mbiri. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira chilankhulo cha anthu sikuti ndi kothandiza pa chidziwitso cha maphunziro okha komanso ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe, mfundo zamaphunziro, ndi kuyesetsa kumanga kulumikizana koyenera komanso kulemekeza kusiyana pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana.
