Njira Zofufuzira mu Chilankhulo cha Anthu
Anthropology ya zilankhulo ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira chilankhulo ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu. Cholinga chake chachikulu sichili pa kapangidwe ka chilankhulo (monga galamala kapena phonology), koma m'malo mwake pa momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito chilankhulo kumanga ubale, kukambirana za umunthu, kusunga mphamvu, kuwongolera miyambo, ndi kutumiza chidziwitso m'zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, njira zofufuzira mu anthropology ya zilankhulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolondola, zogwirizana, komanso zogogomezera ntchito yayitali. Komabe, zomwe zachitika posachedwapa zatsegulanso mwayi wa njira zowerengera, kusanthula kwa corpus, ndi ethnography ya digito kuti afufuze machitidwe a zilankhulo m'dziko lomwe likukula kwambiri pa digito.
1. Ethnography ngati chimango chachikulu
Njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu ndi ethnography, kafukufuku wa m'munda womwe cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa moyo wa anthu potengera momwe ophunzira amaonera. Mu ethnography, ofufuza nthawi zambiri amakhala kapena amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'dera lomwe likuphunziridwa, kumanga ubale, kuwona zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikulemba machitidwe olankhulana omwe akuchitika. Ethnography sikuti imangosonkhanitsa deta komanso imapangitsa kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake anthu amalankhula momwe amachitira, akasankha kukhala chete, momwe amalonjera, kuseka, kukangana, kapena kulankhula ndi ena malinga ndi ulamuliro wa anthu.
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumathandiza ofufuza kudziwa "malamulo osalembedwa" a kulankhulana: mwachitsanzo, ndani angayambe kulankhula pamsonkhano wachikhalidwe, momwe njira zaulemu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kukana popanda kukhumudwitsa, kapena momwe zilankhulo zina zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa zina. Chifukwa chake, kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumapereka tanthauzo lomwe limapangitsa kuti chidziwitso cha zilankhulo chikhale chothandiza pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
2. Kuyang'anira ophunzira
Kuyang'ana ophunzira ndi njira yaikulu yomwe imagwirizana ndi ethnography. Ofufuza samangoyang'ana patali, koma amachita zinthu zapagulu—mpaka pamlingo woyenera komanso woyenera—motero amapeza mfundo zazikulu za kuyanjana komwe nthawi zambiri sikumawonedwa mu kuyankhulana kovomerezeka. Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyang'ana ophunzira kumathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa mbali zogwira ntchito monga mawu, kuyimitsa, manja, mawonekedwe a nkhope, ndi momwe zinthu zilili zomwe zimakhudza tanthauzo la mawu.
Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo chomwecho chingakhale chachikulu kapena chonyoza kutengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso ubale wa anthu. Kuyang'anitsitsa ophunzira kumathandiza ofufuza kulemba momwe tanthauzo "limagwirizanirana" m'machitidwe, osati m'mawu okha.
3. Kujambula zinthu zachilengedwe
Kulemba zokambirana zachilengedwe ndi njira yofunika kwambiri chifukwa zochitika zambiri za chilankhulo—monga kusintha ma code, kuseka, kusokoneza, zizindikiro za nkhani (“eh,” “uh,” “uh”), kapena njira zosokoneza—zimaonekera zokha. Deta yojambulidwa ikhoza kukhala ya mawu kapena kanema. Kanema nthawi zambiri amakhala wabwino pofufuza zinthu zambiri: manja, kuyang'ana komwe akupita, mtunda wa thupi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zikuzungulira zokambiranazo.
Komabe, kulemba deta yachilengedwe kumafuna kusamala ndi makhalidwe abwino: kupeza chilolezo cha ophunzira, kusunga chinsinsi, kupewa kujambula m'malo ovuta, ndikuonetsetsa kuti deta yasungidwa bwino. Ofufuza ayeneranso kuganizira za momwe "chodabwitsa cha owonera," chomwe ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la chilankhulo chifukwa chodziwa kuti chalembedwa. Kuti achepetse izi, ofufuza nthawi zambiri amaphunzira bwino ndikuchita zojambula mobwerezabwereza mpaka ophunzirawo akumva bwino.
4. Mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mafunso okonzedwa pang'ono
Mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo si mafunso ndi mayankho okha, koma njira yofufuzira chidziwitso cha m'deralo chokhudza chilankhulo: malingaliro a chilankhulo, kuwunika kwa zilankhulo zinazake, zomwe zachitika pakusankhana mitundu, kapena njira zolankhulirana m'malo ovomerezeka. Mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala osinthasintha, kutsatira nkhani ya wopereka chidziwitso, ndikuyika patsogolo tanthauzo kuchokera pamalingaliro awo.
Mafunso okambirana mopanda dongosolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene ofufuza akufunika kufufuza nkhani inayake (monga kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo kusukulu, kunyumba, kapena kuntchito) koma amalolabe kufufuza. Njirayi ndi yothandiza powonjezera deta yachilengedwe yolumikizirana: ofufuza amatha kufunsa zifukwa zosankhidwira mawu, malingaliro okhudza ulemu, kapena mbiri ya kusintha kwa chilankhulo mkati mwa anthu ammudzi.
5. Kusanthula nkhani ndi kusanthula zokambirana
Deta ikasonkhanitsidwa, gawo lofufuza limakhala lofunika kwambiri. Mu maphunziro a anthu a zilankhulo, kusanthula nkhani kumafufuza momwe chilankhulo chimapangira zenizeni za anthu—monga momwe nkhani za "kupita patsogolo" zimafotokozedwera m'ndondomeko za anthu zomwe zimaika malire zilankhulo zakomweko. Kusanthula nkhani kumafufuza kusankha mawu, fanizo, kapangidwe ka nkhani, ndi malo a mutu mkati mwa nkhani kapena mawu.
Kusanthula zokambirana kumayang'ana kwambiri pa dongosolo la kuyanjana: kutengana, kuyanjana motsatizana (mafunso-mayankho, moni-kubwezera), njira zokonzera, ndi momwe ophunzira amasungira kulankhulana kosalala. Njirayi ndi yothandiza pofufuza tsatanetsatane wazinthu zomwe zimavumbula kapangidwe ka anthu: ndani amene nthawi zambiri amasokoneza, ndani ayenera kudikira, kapena momwe ulamuliro umakhazikitsidwira kudzera mu kutengana.
6. Kulemba ndi kufotokoza
Kulemba ndi mlatho pakati pa deta yosaphika ndi kusanthula. Mu kafukufuku wa anthu a zilankhulo, kulemba nthawi zambiri kumapitirira kungolemba mawu. Kumatha kulemba mawu, kuyimitsa, kutsindika, kuseka, mawu ophatikizana, ndi zinthu zina zosagwiritsa ntchito mawu. Machitidwe olembera amatha kusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zolinga za kafukufuku: kusanthula kolumikizana bwino, ndiko kufotokoza bwino kwambiri.
Mafotokozedwe ena ndi ofalanso: mwachitsanzo, kuyika chizindikiro pakusintha ma code, kuphatikizapo ma morpheme gloss a zilankhulo zosalembedwa, kapena kulemba nkhani (ndani akulankhula ndi ndani, ali pamavuto otani, ndi maubwenzi otani). Mapulogalamu monga ELAN kapena Praat nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zolembedwa ndi audio-video ndikuthandizira kulemba ma code.
7. Njira zofananizira ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana
Kafukufuku wa zilankhulo amagwiritsanso ntchito kufananiza zochitika, magulu, kapena mibadwo kuti aone kusintha kwa chilankhulo. Ofufuza angayerekezere momwe achinyamata ndi akuluakulu amagwiritsira ntchito moni, kusiyana kwa chilankhulo pakati pa malo apakhomo ndi apagulu, kapena kusintha kwa chilankhulo chifukwa cha kusamuka ndi kusamukira kumizinda. Kuphunzira kusiyanasiyana kumathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe kusankha chilankhulo kumagwirizanirana ndi umunthu (jenda, gulu, fuko, chipembedzo), komanso momwe anthu amaonera mitundu ina ya chilankhulo.
Nthawi zina, njira zowerengera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, mwachitsanzo kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa ma code kapena kuchitika kwa mitundu ina mu gulu lokambirana, kenako nkuzitanthauzira m'njira yodziwika bwino mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
8. Kafukufuku wa anthu a digito ndi nkhani zofalitsa nkhani
Kukula kwa ukadaulo kwapanga malo atsopano olumikizirana: malo ochezera pa intaneti, magulu ochezera, masewera apa intaneti, ndi nsanja zazifupi zamakanema. Kafukufuku wa zilankhulo tsopano akuwunika kwambiri machitidwe a zilankhulo m'malo a digito, kuphatikiza ma meme, ma emoji (monga zizindikiro zogwira ntchito), mitundu ya zilankhulo "alay", mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilankhulo, ndi mapangidwe a anthu okhala m'magulu pogwiritsa ntchito ma hashtag.
Kusanthula kwa digito kumasintha mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu: ofufuza amawona kuyanjana, kumvetsetsa miyambo ya anthu ammudzi, momwe zinthu zilili papulatifomu yolemba (mawonekedwe, ma algorithms, malamulo owongolera), ndikuganizira za makhalidwe abwino a boma ndi achinsinsi. Deta ya digito imafuna kusamala chifukwa zotsalira za pa intaneti zimakopedwa mosavuta ndikugawidwa; kusadziwitsa anthu ndi kuvomereza ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri.
9. Makhalidwe abwino ofufuza
Makhalidwe abwino ndiye maziko a njira zofufuzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zilankhulo. Ofufuza ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti avomerezana bwino, kusunga chinsinsi, kulemekeza miyambo ya m'deralo, ndikuganizira momwe kafukufukuyu angakhudzire anthu ammudzi. Pankhani ya zilankhulo zazing'ono kapena zomwe zili pangozi, ofufuza ayenera kupewa kupeza chidziwitso popanda kubwerezabwereza. Machitidwe abwino akuphatikizapo kugawana zotsatira za kafukufuku, kupanga zolemba za chilankhulo kukhala zosavuta kwa anthu ammudzi, kapena kuphatikiza olankhula ngati othandizira, osati "zinthu" zokha zofufuzira.
Kutseka
Njira zofufuzira mu maphunziro a anthu zimadalira kuphatikiza kwa kukhwima kwa chilankhulo ndi kukhudzidwa kwa anthu. Kujambula anthu, kuyang'ana ophunzira, kujambula deta yachilengedwe, kuyankhulana, ndi kusanthula nkhani ndi zokambirana ndi zida zofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa chilankhulo ngati njira yolankhulirana. Mu nthawi ya digito, njira izi zakula kudzera mu maphunziro a anthu pa intaneti komanso kusanthula kwa kulumikizana pakati pa anthu. Pomaliza, mphamvu ya maphunziro a anthu zilankhulo ili m'kuthekera kwake kogwirizanitsa zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimaoneka ngati chilankhulo—monga kusankha mawu, kuyimitsa, kapena njira zoseketsa—kumagulu akuluakulu a anthu: umunthu, mphamvu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Ndi njira yoyenera komanso makhalidwe abwino, kafukufuku wa maphunziro a anthu zilankhulo angapereke zopereka zofunika pakumvetsetsa kwathu anthu ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe timalankhulira.
