Kutanthauzira kwa Zizindikiro ndi Nthano mu Anthropology
Mu maphunziro a anthu, zizindikiro ndi nthano ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zinthu ziwirizi sizimangogwira ntchito ngati njira yofotokozera ndi kufalitsa mfundo, miyambo, ndi zikhulupiriro, komanso zimawonetsa zovuta za anthu komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lozungulira. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza momwe akatswiri a za anthu amatanthauzira zizindikiro ndi nthano m'magulu a anthu komanso momwe zinthuzi zimapangira ndikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chawo.
Zizindikiro mu Anthropology
Chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro, chithunzi, kapena chinthu chomwe chili ndi tanthauzo lapadera lodziwika mkati mwa chikhalidwe china. Malinga ndi Clifford Geertz, m'modzi mwa anthu otsogola mu maphunziro a anthu ophiphiritsa, zizindikiro zimatha kupereka mauthenga akuya komanso ovuta. Geertz adati chikhalidwe ndi njira yokhala ndi matanthauzo ophiphiritsa, ndipo ntchito ya katswiri wa za anthu ndi kutanthauzira matanthauzo awa mwanjira yomwe ingamveke ndi anthu akunja komanso mamembala a chikhalidwecho.
Zizindikiro zimapezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chilankhulo, zinthu zakale, miyambo, ndi machitidwe a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'zikhalidwe zambiri, mitundu ina imakhala ndi tanthauzo lolimba; yoyera nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyero ndi kubadwa, pomwe yakuda nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi imfa kapena chisoni.
Njira Yomasulira Zizindikiro
Akatswiri a za anthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana potanthauzira zizindikiro. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi njira yotanthauzira yomwe Geertz adayambitsa. Njira imeneyi imawona zizindikiro osati ngati zida zolankhulirana zokha komanso ngati zowonetsera malingaliro a anthu. Geertz adafotokoza zizindikiro ngati "zitsanzo za ndi zitsanzo za," kutanthauza kuti zizindikiro sizimangowonetsa zenizeni za anthu komanso zimazipanga.
Chitsanzo cha njira imeneyi chingapezeke mu kafukufuku wa Geertz wokhudza mwambo wopha nkhuku wa ku Balinese. Pa mwambowu, zochita ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira, kuwonetsa kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe , ubale wamphamvu, ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri za anthu aku Balinese. Geertz adagogomezera kuti kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lophiphiritsira m'chikhalidwe kumafuna kudzipereka kwakukulu ndi kutanthauzira kolemera.
Nthano ngati Nkhani Yophiphiritsira
Monga zizindikiro, nthano zimagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri polankhula za makhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro za chikhalidwe. Nthano ndi mndandanda wa nkhani ndi nthano zomwe zimafotokoza chiyambi cha anthu, mbiri yawo, milungu yawo, ndi ngwazi zawo. Nthano nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira yoti anthu aziyankha mafunso ofunikira okhudza chiyambi cha dziko lapansi ndi malo a anthu mmenemo.
Mircea Eliade, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa maphunziro achipembedzo, ankakhulupirira kuti nthano zinkagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa dziko la tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zinthu zopatulika. Malinga ndi Eliade, nthano sizimangopereka nkhani zosavuta komanso zimafotokoza zochitika zapadera komanso kapangidwe ka chilengedwe komwe ndi kofunikira kwa anthu.
Kutanthauzira kwa Nthano mu Anthropology
Kutanthauzira nthano mu anthropology nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kusanthula mosamala zizindikiro zomwe zili m'nkhani zongopeka. Njira imodzi yowunikira nthano ndikuwona momwe zinthu za m'nkhaniyi zimawonetsera kapangidwe ka anthu . Claude Lévi-Strauss, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe, adanena kuti nthano padziko lonse lapansi zimagawana kapangidwe koyambira, kuwonetsa momwe anthu amakonzera malingaliro awo.
Lévi-Strauss anagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zinthu pofufuza nthano. Anafuna kupeza "kapangidwe kakuya" komwe kali pansi pa nthano zonse kudzera mu mgwirizano wawo ndi zotsutsana ziwiri monga moyo ndi imfa, chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe, kapena chisokonezo ndi dongosolo. Pozindikira kapangidwe kameneka, Lévi-Strauss anafuna kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito nthano poyenda m'malo awo achikhalidwe ndi achilengedwe.
Zizindikiro ndi Nthano M'zikhalidwe Zambiri
Zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi zili ndi njira zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro ndi nthano pofotokoza malingaliro awo padziko lonse lapansi. Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo kuchokera ku zikhalidwe zingapo zosiyanasiyana:
1. Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Maori ku New Zealand:
– Zizindikiro: Tatau (tattoo) mu chikhalidwe cha Maori si mtundu wokha wa zojambula thupi komanso chizindikiro cha udindo wa anthu, cholowa, ndi umunthu wa fuko. Mapangidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zojambula za Maori nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mibadwo ndi nkhani za makolo.
– Nthano: Nthano ya kulengedwa kwa Maori imafotokoza za milungu yofunika kwambiri, monga Ranginui (mulungu wakumwamba) ndi Papatuanuku (mayi wa dziko lapansi), omwe analekanitsidwa ndi ana awo kuti apange dziko lapansi. Nkhaniyi sikuti imangofotokoza chiyambi cha chilengedwe komanso ikugogomezera kufunika kwa mgwirizano ndi kulinganiza m'moyo.
1. Chikhalidwe cha Yoruba ku Nigeria:
– Zizindikiro: Mikanda ya Ifá ndi maula ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri m'chipembedzo chachikhalidwe cha Yoruba. Mikanda ya Ifá imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ansembe a Ifá polankhulana ndi milungu ndikupereka chitsogozo chauzimu.
– Nthano: Nthano za Chiyoruba nthawi zambiri zimakhudza milungu kapena ma orisha, monga Ogun (mulungu wachitsulo ndi nkhondo) ndi Oshun (mulungu wamkazi wachikondi ndi madzi). Orisha iliyonse ili ndi nkhani ndi makhalidwe akeake, zomwe zimasonyeza makhalidwe ndi zokumana nazo za anthu a Chiyoruba.
Kufunika Kothandiza kwa Zizindikiro ndi Nthano
Kupatula kukhala zida zofotokozera komanso zofotokozera, zizindikiro ndi nthano zilinso ndi tanthauzo lenileni m'madera osiyanasiyana. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa miyambo yachipembedzo, malamulo achikhalidwe , maphunziro, komanso kupanga umunthu wa anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo yokhudza zizindikiro zopatulika ingalimbikitse mgwirizano wa anthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chikhalidwe chikufalikira bwino kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.
Munthawi yamakono, kumvetsetsa zizindikiro ndi nthano n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tizindikire kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe komanso kupewa mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana kwa chikhalidwe. Izi zikusonyeza kufunika kolemekeza kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'dziko lamakono.
Kutseka
Zizindikiro ndi nthano mu anthropology zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodziwira momwe anthu amamangira, kusunga, ndi kufotokozera dziko lawo. Kudzera mu kutanthauzira zizindikiro ndi nthano, akatswiri a anthropology amatha kupeza matanthauzo akuya a miyambo ndi malingaliro a dziko omwe amawonekera kumbuyo kwa miyambo ndi nthano.
Njira zofotokozera zomwe akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Geertz ndi Lévi-Strauss amagwiritsa ntchito zimatithandiza kuyang'ana pansi pa mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe ndikumvetsetsa kapangidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka magulu a anthu. Ndi chidziwitso ichi, titha kuyamikira bwino kusiyanasiyana kwa dziko lathu ndikuwonjezera momwe timaonera ndikugwirira ntchito ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro ndi nthano, mu kulemera ndi zovuta zake zonse, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatipanga kukhala anthu.
