Ubale Pakati pa Anthropology ndi Sayansi Yoganizira
Anthropology ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti zimachokera ku maiko awiri osiyana. Anthropology ndi yofanana ndi kuphunzira anthu pankhani ya chikhalidwe, machitidwe a anthu, zizindikiro, ndi mbiri ya moyo wa anthu ammudzi. Pakadali pano, sayansi ya chidziwitso nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma laboratories, zoyesera, kupanga zitsanzo za makompyuta, ndi zokambirana za malingaliro, kuzindikira, kukumbukira, chilankhulo, ndi kupanga zisankho. Komabe, ziwirizi zili ndi mfundo yolumikizana bwino: zonse zimafuna kumvetsetsa anthu—osati monga zamoyo zokha, komanso monga zolengedwa zomwe zimaganiza, kuphunzira, kulankhulana, ndi kupanga tanthauzo mkati mwa malo awo ochezera. Ubale pakati pa anthropology ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso ndi wofunika kwambiri masiku ano chifukwa mavuto ambiri amakono a anthu, kuyambira pa zolakwika mpaka kapangidwe kaukadaulo, sangafotokozedwe kokha kudzera mu malingaliro achikhalidwe kapena ubongo.
Malo Osonkhanira: Funso lakuti “Kodi Anthu Amamvetsa Bwanji Dziko Lapansi?”
Anthropology imafunsa mafunso akuluakulu monga: kodi anthu amapanga bwanji zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe abwino, ndi miyambo? N’chifukwa chiyani machitidwe ena amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenera pamalo ena koma osazolowereka kwina? Sayansi ya zamaganizo imafunsa mafunso ofanana, koma kudzera mu malingaliro a njira zamaganizo: momwe malingaliro amapangidwira, momwe kukumbukira kumagwirira ntchito, momwe malingaliro amagawidwira m’magulu, ndi momwe anthu amapangira malingaliro. Kulumikizana kuli pakumvetsetsa njira za tanthauzo: momwe anthu amatanthauzira zokumana nazo ndikuzisintha kukhala chidziwitso chogawana.
Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la "nthawi" limawoneka ngati la anthu onse—anthu onse amakumana ndi kusintha kwa usana ndi usiku—koma momwe limamvekera lingasiyane: madera ena amagogomezera kuzungulira (nyengo, zokolola, miyambo), pomwe madera amakono nthawi zambiri amagogomezera nthawi yolunjika, yoyezeka (mawotchi, makalendala, zolinga). Anthropology imathandiza kulongosola kusiyana kwa matanthauzo ndi machitidwe, pomwe sayansi ya chidziwitso imathandiza kufotokoza momwe malingaliro osamveka monga nthawi amaphunzirira, kuyimira m'maganizo, komanso momwe amakhudzira khalidwe.
Anthropology ya Maganizo: Miyambo Yogwirizana
Limodzi mwa milatho yodziwika bwino pakati pa magawo awiriwa ndi chidziwitso cha anthu. Nthambi iyi idayamba chifukwa chozindikira kuti chikhalidwe si mndandanda wa miyambo yakunja kokha komanso dongosolo la chidziwitso chomwe chimasungidwa ndikugawidwa kudzera mu malingaliro a anthu. Chidziwitso cha anthu chimafufuza momwe anthu amagawira zomera ndi nyama, kumvetsetsa ubale, kupanga magulu a matenda, kapena kutanthauzira makhalidwe abwino.
Mwachitsanzo, momwe magulu amagawira "banja" zimasiyana. Madera ena amagogomezera kuti makolo ndi obadwira kwa amayi, ena ndi obadwira kwa abambo, ndipo ena amaona kuti maubwenzi ena ndi anthu ndi "abale" ngakhale kuti si abale awo a m'magazi. Sayansi ya zamaganizo ingathandize kuyankha funso ili: kodi anthu amapanga bwanji magulu ovuta a anthu? Kodi pali zizolowezi zinazake zamaganizo zomwe zimathandiza kupanga magulu a ubale? Komabe, maphunziro a anthu amapereka zambiri zokhuzana ndi nkhani kuti zitsimikizire kuti mfundo zamaganizo sizimangokhala pazitsanzo zinazake zachikhalidwe.
Chikhalidwe monga "Malo Oganizira"
M'malingaliro amakono, chikhalidwe chingamveke ngati malo omwe amapangidwa komanso kupangidwa ndi njira zodziwira. Chilankhulo, zizindikiro, ukadaulo, miyambo, ndi miyambo ndi "zida zoganizira" zomwe zimathandiza anthu kukumbukira, kuwerengera, kuwunika, ndikusankha. Lingaliro ili likugwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la malingaliro otambasuka, lomwe limati kuzindikira kumachitika osati m'mutu mokha komanso kumakhudza thupi, zinthu, ndi chilengedwe.
Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kulemba zolemba, makalendala, mamapu, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja poyenda. Anthropology imaphunzira momwe zida izi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'moyo weniweni, momwe zimasinthira ubale wa anthu, komanso momwe tanthauzo ndi umunthu zimasinthidwira ndi izo. Sayansi ya chidziwitso imaphunzira momwe zimakhudzira chidwi, kukumbukira, ndi kupanga zisankho. Mwa kuphatikiza ziwirizi, titha kumvetsetsa osati kusintha kokha "komwe" kumasintha, komanso "chifukwa" ndi "momwe" kusinthaku kumachitika m'maganizo ndi m'magulu.
Njira: Ethnography Ikumana ndi Kuyesera
Kusiyana kwa njira nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati zopinga, koma kwenikweni kungakhale mphamvu. Anthropology imadziwika ndi ethnography yake: ofufuza amakhala ndi anthu ammudzi, amaona, amatenga nawo mbali, ndikumanga kumvetsetsa kuchokera mkati. Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri polemba nkhani, matanthauzo, ndi machitidwe omwe sangayesedwe nthawi zonse mwa manambala. Komabe, sayansi ya chidziwitso imagwiritsa ntchito zoyeserera zolamulidwa kwambiri kuti iyese malingaliro okhudza chifukwa ndi zotsatira m'maganizo.
Masiku ano, maphunziro ambiri amaphatikiza ziwirizi: zoyeserera zimapangidwa kutengera zomwe zapezeka pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo zotsatira zake zimatanthauziridwanso poganizira za kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo ndi mbiri yawo. Njira yophatikizana iyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa anthropology yoyesera kapena kafukufuku wamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu zamaganizo ndi kuzindikira. Mwanjira imeneyi, chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso sichikondera chikhalidwe chilichonse, pomwe anthropology imapeza zida zina zowunikira njira zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika zachikhalidwe.
Mitu Yaikulu: Chilankhulo, Magulu, ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Ubale pakati pa anthropology ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso ukuwonekera m'mitu itatu ikuluikulu.
Choyamba, chilankhulo. Anthropology ya zilankhulo imasonyeza kuti chilankhulo si njira yolankhulirana chabe koma chimamanga zenizeni za anthu: chimawongolera makhalidwe, udindo, miyambo, ndi umunthu. Sayansi ya chidziwitso imaphunzira momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito, momwe ana amaphunzirira, komanso momwe chilankhulo chimakhudzira chidwi ndi kukumbukira. Kuphunzira za ubale wa zilankhulo—kaya chilankhulo chimakhudza kuganiza—kumafuna deta ya anthropology ya zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyesa kozama kwa chidziwitso.
Chachiwiri, magulu am'deralo ndi chidziwitso. Madera ambiri ali ndi njira zamakono kwambiri zogawa magulu zomwe zimasiyana ndi za sayansi yamakono. Anthropology imalemba kapangidwe ka chidziwitsochi, pomwe sayansi ya chidziwitso imafufuza mphamvu zamaganizo zomwe zimathandiza anthu kupanga magulu: kuzindikira machitidwe, kuphunzira ziwerengero, ndi kulingalira kofanana. Mgwirizanowu umakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa luntha la anthu m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Chachitatu, makhalidwe abwino ndi malingaliro. Anthropology imasonyeza kuti malingaliro a "chabwino ndi choipa" amamveka mosiyana—zikhalidwe zina zimagogomezera mgwirizano wa anthu onse, zina zimagogomezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Sayansi ya chidziwitso ndi sayansi ya ubongo zimaphunzira maziko a malingaliro abwino monga chifundo, kudzimva mlandu, kapena mkwiyo. Kugwirizana kwawo kumathandiza kusiyanitsa mbali za makhalidwe abwino zomwe zingakhale zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zomwe zimapangidwa mwamphamvu ndi miyambo ndi mabungwe am'deralo.
Ubwino Wothandiza: Kuyambira pa Ukadaulo mpaka pa Thanzi
Kugwirizana pakati pa maphunziro awiriwa kumapitirira maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, mu kapangidwe ka ukadaulo, kumvetsetsa bwino za zofooka za chidwi ndi kukumbukira kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa anthropology za zizolowezi za ogwiritsa ntchito, makhalidwe awo, ndi ubale wawo ndi anthu. Popanda anthropology, kapangidwe kakhoza kulephera chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Popanda sayansi ya chidziwitso, kapangidwe kangathe kunyalanyaza momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito chidziwitso.
Mu gawo la zaumoyo, maphunziro a anthu azachipatala akhala akuwonetsa kwa nthawi yayitali kuti malingaliro okhudza matenda, machiritso, ndi thupi zimakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe. Sayansi ya chidziwitso imathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amawerengera zoopsa, kudalira chidziwitso chachipatala, komanso kupanga zizolowezi. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulankhulana ndi anthu pa zaumoyo, makamaka pothana ndi mliri, katemera, kapena kusintha kwa khalidwe kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mavuto ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo
Ngakhale kuti mgwirizanowu ndi wogwirizana, ukukumana ndi mavuto. Anthropology nthawi zina imatsutsa sayansi ya chidziwitso chifukwa chosavuta anthu kukhala zinthu zoyesera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, sayansi ya chidziwitso imatha kutsutsa anthropology chifukwa chosayesedwa bwino kapena chovuta kubwerezabwereza. Mavutowa amatha kuthetsedwa ndi njira yotseguka: kuphatikiza mayeso olimba ndi nkhani yolemera.
Mtsogolomu, ubale pakati pa anthropology ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso udzakhala wofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi monga kusamuka, kugawikana kwa ndale, chikhalidwe cha digito, ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Dziko lamakono limapanga kuganiza kwa anthu kudzera mu ma algorithms, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi kuyenda kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso. Kuti timvetse izi, tikufunika lens ziwiri: momwe malingaliro amagwirira ntchito, ndi momwe chikhalidwe - kuphatikizapo ukadaulo - chimatsogolera malingaliro amenewo.
Kutseka
Anthropology ndi sayansi ya chidziwitso si magawo awiri otsutsana, koma njira ziwiri zogwirizanirana kuti timvetsetse anthu. Anthropology imapereka kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe, tanthauzo, ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe; sayansi ya chidziwitso imapereka kufotokozera njira zamaganizo zomwe zimathandiza anthu kuphunzira, kutanthauzira, ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Pamene ziwirizi ziphatikizidwa, timapeza chithunzi chokwanira: anthu monga zamoyo zoganiza komanso zachikhalidwe zomwe zimamanga dziko logawana kudzera mu zizindikiro ndi machitidwe. Kulumikizana kumeneku kumatsegula njira yofufuzira yomwe ili yolingana kwambiri pakati pa zikhalidwe, yolondola kwambiri pamakina, komanso yofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi mavuto a moyo wa anthu masiku ano.
