Kusanthula kwa Chikhalidwe cha Ndale mu Anthropology
Chikhalidwe cha ndale ndi lingaliro lofunika kwambiri lomwe limatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amatanthauzira mphamvu, kuwongolera ubale pakati pa nzika ndi boma, komanso kupanga njira zochitira nawo zinthu pa moyo wa anthu. Mu anthropology, chikhalidwe cha ndale sichimaonedwa ngati zokonda kapena malingaliro okhudza boma, koma ngati gawo la chikhalidwe chamoyo: chopangidwa ndi makhalidwe abwino, zizindikiro, machitidwe, miyambo, chilankhulo, kukumbukira pamodzi, ndi zochitika zakale zomwe zimapangitsa momwe anthu "amachitira ndale" m'lingaliro lalikulu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kusanthula chikhalidwe cha ndale kuchokera ku lingaliro la anthropology, kuphatikizapo matanthauzo, njira, zinthu, njira, ndi zitsanzo za momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pomvetsetsa zochitika za anthu ndi ndale.
Kumvetsetsa Chikhalidwe cha Ndale Kuchokera ku Maganizo a Anthropology
Kawirikawiri, chikhalidwe cha ndale chimatanthauza momwe anthu amaonera, amaonera, komanso makhalidwe awo pa kayendetsedwe ka ndale. Komabe, maphunziro a anthu amakulitsa izi kuti ziphatikize matanthauzo ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana omwe ali m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, kwa akatswiri a za anthu, ndale sizimachitika kokha m'nyumba zamalamulo, zisankho, kapena maofesi aboma, komanso m'nyumba, m'misika, m'malo opembedzera, pamwambo wachikhalidwe, m'mabungwe am'deralo, komanso pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti—malo onse omwe mphamvu zimakambidwa.
Anthropology imaona chikhalidwe cha ndale ngati "njira ya moyo" yomwe imalamulira momwe ulamuliro umalandilidwira kapena kukanidwa, momwe kumvera kumakhazikitsidwira, momwe mikangano imathetsedwera, ndi momwe kuvomerezeka kumakhazikitsidwira. Kuvomerezeka pano sikuti ndi kuvomerezeka kokha, koma chikhulupiriro cha anthu kuti mphamvu imaonedwa kuti ndi yoyenera, yoyenera, kapena yovomerezeka.
Chifukwa Chake Anthropology Ndi Yofunika Pofufuza Chikhalidwe Cha Ndale
Njira yophunzirira za anthu ikugogomezera mfundo zitatu zazikulu: nkhani, tanthauzo, ndi machitidwe. Choyamba, nkhani: khalidwe la ndale silingalekanitsidwe ndi kapangidwe ka anthu (gulu, jenda, fuko), mbiri (ukoloni, mikangano, kusintha), ndi zachuma (kupeza zinthu, kuchirikiza). Chachiwiri, tanthauzo: zizindikiro monga mbendera, maudindo achikhalidwe, mawu akuti "anthu," kapena mawu akuti "wopanduka" si mawu okha, koma zizindikiro zodziwika ndi zida zolimbikitsira anthu. Chachitatu, machitidwe: maphunziro a anthu amafufuza momwe ndale zimachitikira, kuphatikizapo zokambirana zosavomerezeka, maukonde a ubale, ndi machitidwe a othandizira ndi makasitomala.
Chifukwa chake, maphunziro a anthu angafotokoze chifukwa chake mfundo "zomveka" malinga ndi boma nthawi zina zimakanidwa pamlingo wa m'deralo, kapena chifukwa chake demokalase yoyendetsera ntchito siimangotsogolera kutenga nawo mbali kofunikira. Kusiyana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala mu chikhalidwe cha ndale: momwe anthu amaonera boma, akuluakulu a boma, malamulo, ndi chilungamo.
Kuphunzira za Zinthu za Chikhalidwe cha Ndale ndi Anthropology
Mu kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha ndale chingagawidwe m'magawo angapo ofunikira.
1. Makhalidwe ndi Zikhulupiriro
Makhalidwe abwino monga mgwirizano, mgwirizano, ulamuliro, kufanana, kapena chipembedzo zimakhudza momwe anthu amaonera utsogoleri ndi kupanga zisankho. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amalemekeza ulamuliro angavomereze mosavuta utsogoleri wotsatira makolo, pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi mwambo wokambirana amakonda njira zoganizira.
2. Zizindikiro ndi Miyambo Yandale
Miyambo yotsegulira, maulendo ovomerezeka, kugawa thandizo, kapena miyambo ina yachikhalidwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ziwonetsero za kuvomerezeka. Zizindikiro monga zovala, ulemu, ndi maudindo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zotsimikizira maudindo a anthu ndi ndale.
3. Mabungwe Ovomerezeka ndi Osavomerezeka
Anthropology siimangofufuza mabungwe aboma okha (mabungwe aboma, apolisi, makhothi), komanso mabungwe osavomerezeka monga anthu achikhalidwe, atsogoleri achipembedzo, akuluakulu a m'mudzi, mabungwe a achinyamata, ndi maukonde a mabanja. Nthawi zambiri, zisankho zofunika zimapangidwa kudzera m'mabungwe osavomerezeka, omwe nzika zimawadalira kwambiri.
4. Ubale wa Mphamvu ndi Kusalingana
Chikhalidwe cha ndale sichili chopanda tsankho. Chingathe kubereka kusalingana, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu miyambo yomwe imaletsa mawu a akazi, kuletsa magulu ang'onoang'ono, kapena kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa anthu apamwamba.
5. Kukumbukira Kwapagulu ndi Mbiri Yakwanuko
Kukumbukira za ziwawa zandale, mikangano yaulimi, kapena zochitika zakale zachitukuko zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidalirana kapena kukayikira boma. "Kuvutika maganizo" kungalimbikitse chikhalidwe cha anthu osachitapo kanthu pandale kapena, mosiyana, kuyambitsa zipolowe.
Njira Zophunzitsira mu Anthropology Yandale
Anthropology imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana powerengera chikhalidwe cha ndale:
- Njira yotanthauzira (yophiphiritsira) imagogomezera tanthauzo la zizindikiro ndi nkhani. Ndale zimamveka ngati malo opangira matanthauzo; malankhulidwe, nthano, ndi miyambo zimaonedwa ngati zolemba zachikhalidwe zomwe ziyenera kumasuliridwa.
- Njira ya Zachuma Zandale imaona chikhalidwe cha ndale ngati chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugawa kwa chuma, ndalama, ndi zofuna za magulu. Chikhalidwe cha ndale chingakhale chida chothandizira kusagwirizana kapena njira yopulumukira.
- Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito ikuwonetsa momwe anthu ndi magulu amagwiritsira ntchito njira mkati mwa malire a miyambo ya anthu. Ndi njira iyi, anthu samawoneka ngati ozunzidwa chabe ndi chikhalidwe, koma ngati ochita nawo zokambirana za malamulo.
- Njira ya Postcolonial imayang'ana momwe cholowa cha atsamunda chimasinthira mabungwe, kudziwika kwa ndale, ndi momwe boma limaonera nzika, kuphatikizapo kugawa mitundu kapena mafuko.
Njira za Anthropology Zophunzirira Chikhalidwe cha Ndale
Njira yaikulu ya anthropology ndi ethnography, yomwe ndi kafukufuku wa m'munda kwa nthawi yayitali kuti amvetsetse bwino miyoyo ya anthu. Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha ndale, akatswiri a anthropology nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito:
- Kuwona ophunzira: kupezeka pamisonkhano ya anthu ammudzi, ma kampeni, misonkhano yachikhalidwe, kapena zochitika za bungwe.
– Mafunso ozama: kufufuza momwe anthu okhala m'deralo akumvera za utsogoleri, chilungamo, thandizo la anthu, kapena mikangano.
- Maphunziro okhudza mikangano ndi kuyimira pakati: kuyang'ana momwe mikangano imathetsedwera, amene amatenga nawo mbali, ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Kusanthula nkhani ndi nkhani: kuwona nkhani m'manyuzipepala am'deralo, maulaliki, ma posters a kampeni, kapena zokambirana pa intaneti.
- Kujambula mapu a malo ochezera a pa Intaneti: kutsatira anthu omwe akuwathandizira, mabwenzi, achibale, ndi momwe anthu amathandizirana ndi andale.
Mphamvu ya njira ya anthropological ili mu luso lake lowerenga zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimawonedwa ndi kafukufuku wochuluka: manja, mfundo zina, zotsutsana, ndi machitidwe osavomerezeka.
Zitsanzo za Zochitika Zachikhalidwe Zandale M'moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino ndi ndale zolimbikitsa anthu, komwe ubale wandale umamangidwa kudzera mu kusinthana maubwino, kupeza mautumiki, kapena chitetezo. M'madera ambiri, kulimbikitsa anthu sikuti kumaonedwa ngati "koipa," koma mbali ya makhalidwe abwino: atsogoleri amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino ngati "ali okonzeka kuthandiza" ndipo "osaiwala anthu awo." Anthropology imathandiza kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziphuphu ngati kuphwanya lamulo ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ngati njira yochitira zinthu yomwe ili ndi chikhalidwe chovomerezeka, ngakhale kuti imakhudzabe kusalingana.
Chitsanzo china ndi kukambirana ngati njira yopangira zisankho. Mwachionekere, kukambirana kumatanthauza kufanana ndi kugwirizana, koma m'machitidwe, kungakhale bwalo la ulamuliro wobisika, mwachitsanzo, pamene mawu a achinyamata kapena akazi anyalanyazidwa. Kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumafufuza amene amalankhula, amene amakhala chete, ndi miyambo iti yomwe imapangitsa kusalingana kumeneku kuoneka ngati "kwachibadwa."
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zochitika za ndale zodziyimira, komwe mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena madera zimatumikira ngati maziko olimbikitsira anthu. Anthropology imafufuza momwe umunthu umapangidwira kudzera m'nkhani zakale, zizindikiro zachipembedzo, ndi malire a "ife" motsutsana ndi "iwo." Nthawi zambiri, umunthu siwokhazikika, koma ndi njira yachikhalidwe yomwe imasintha malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili pampikisano wa zinthu ndi mphamvu.
Kufunika kwa Kusanthula Chikhalidwe cha Ndale kwa Anthu Amakono
Kusanthula chikhalidwe cha ndale n'kofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa mavuto a demokalase yamakono, monga kugawikana, kufalitsa mabodza, kusakhulupirira mabungwe, ndi udindo womwe ukukula wa ochita zinthu zosavomerezeka. Pomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha ndale, opanga mfundo amatha kupanga mapulogalamu ogwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, kuchepetsa kukana, ndikulimbitsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa nzika.
Pankhani yophunzitsa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha ndale kumathandiza kuphunzitsa kuti ndale sizimangokhudza zisankho zokha, komanso makhalidwe abwino a anthu, malo okambirana, momwe mungathanirane ndi kusiyana, komanso udindo wa anthu. Kwa olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi mabungwe a anthu, malingaliro a anthu amathandiza kupanga njira zolimbikitsira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mfundo zakomweko popanda kunyalanyaza mfundo ya chilungamo.
Mapeto
Chikhalidwe cha ndale mu anthropology ndi momwe anthu amatanthauzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Chimaphatikizapo makhalidwe, zizindikiro, mabungwe osavomerezeka, ubale wamphamvu, ndi mbiri yakale zomwe zimapangitsa malingaliro ndi zochita zandale. Kudzera mu ethnography ndi kusanthula kwa nkhani, anthropology imatha kuvumbulutsa magawo osawoneka bwino a ndale: maukonde othandizira, kuvomerezeka kwa chizindikiro, kukambirana za umunthu, ndi machitidwe obisika olamulira. Kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha ndale ndikofunikira osati kwa akatswiri okha komanso kwa maboma ndi anthu ammudzi kuti amange dongosolo la ndale lophatikizana komanso lolungama lozikidwa pa zenizeni za anthu ammudzi.
