Anthropology Yachipatala ndi Mankhwala Ena
Anthropology ya zamankhwala ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira zaumoyo, matenda, thupi, ndi machitidwe ochiritsa okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, kapangidwe ka anthu, zachuma, ndi mphamvu. Gawoli likugogomezera kuti "thanzi" ndi "matenda" si nkhani zamoyo zokha, komanso zokumana nazo za anthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mfundo, zikhulupiriro, ubale wa anthu, ndi momwe zinthu zilili tsiku ndi tsiku. M'madera ambiri, momwe anthu amamvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, kusankha chithandizo, ndikuwunika machiritso zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi miyambo ndi chidziwitso chakumaloko. Chifukwa chake, anthropology ya zamankhwala imakhala ngati mlatho wofunikira pakumvetsetsa kuyanjana pakati pa machitidwe amakono azachipatala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ena.
Mankhwala ena—omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mankhwala achikhalidwe, owonjezera, kapena osakhala a biomedical —amaphatikizapo machitidwe monga jamu (mankhwala azitsamba), kutikita minofu, acupuncture, mankhwala azitsamba, machiritso auzimu, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwa kudzera mu chidziwitso chobadwa nacho. Ku Indonesia, mitundu iyi imagwirizana ndi ntchito zamakono zamankhwala: zipatala, zipatala, madokotala, ndi mankhwala ochizira. Kudzera mu malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha zamankhwala, kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ena sikungokhala "njira" chabe, koma gawo la dongosolo la tanthauzo lomwe limapereka lingaliro la chitetezo, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe , ndi njira zopulumukira pakati pa mwayi wochepa komanso kusatsimikizika kwa thanzi.
Momwe Anthropology Yachipatala Imaonera Matenda
Mu mawu a anthu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa matenda ndi matenda. Matenda amatanthauza matenda achilengedwe omwe angayesedwe ndi zamankhwala, monga matenda, kutupa, kapena kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo. Pakadali pano, matenda amatanthauza zomwe munthu akumva kuti sali bwino, wofooka, kapena "si zachilendo," kuphatikizapo tanthauzo la chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro lomwe limatsagana nalo. Munthu akhoza kudwala popanda matenda omveka bwino, kapena, kukhala ndi matenda koma akumva bwino. Kusiyana kumeneku kukufotokoza chifukwa chake odwala ena amapitiliza kufunafuna njira zina ngakhale atapita kwa dokotala: chifukwa chomwe akufuna si kufotokozera kwachilengedwe kokha, komanso yankho la zomwe akumana nazo pamoyo wawo - nkhawa, mantha, manyazi, kapena mikangano m'maubwenzi a anthu.
Anthropology ya zamankhwala imaphunziranso "zitsanzo zofotokozera" za zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. M'madera ena, matenda amamveka ngati kusalinganika kwa kutentha, kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu, mphamvu za zakudya, kapena zinthu zauzimu monga matsenga akuda ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Zitsanzo zofotokozerazi zimakhudza zisankho zamankhwala. Ngati matenda akukhulupirira kuti amachokera ku "masuk angin," ndiye kuti kukanda, kusisita, kapena mankhwala ofunda amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenera. Ngati matenda amamveka ngati kusokonezeka kwauzimu, ndiye kuti chithandizo cha mapemphero kapena miyambo yochiritsa imakhala yofunika. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti malingaliro awa ndi "osamveka," koma ndi omveka mkati mwa chikhalidwe ndi zokumana nazo zomwe anthu ammudzi amadziwa.
Mankhwala Ena Monga Chikhalidwe
Mankhwala ochiritsira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, Jamu si kusakaniza kwa zosakaniza za zitsamba zokha, komanso kudziwa thupi, nyengo, chakudya, ndi miyambo ya banja. Machitidwe achikhalidwe ochiritsira si kungosintha minofu, koma ndi ubale wodalirika pakati pa katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi wodwala, kuphatikizapo kumva "kuyenerera" komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala chizindikiro cha kupambana. Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala ochiritsira nthawi zina amapereka malo olankhulirana kuposa chisamaliro chaumoyo, chomwe chimakhala chachangu komanso chochita zinthu mwachangu.
Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ena amagwira ntchito ngati njira yothandiza anthu. Munthu akadwala, achibale ake ndi anansi ake amapereka mankhwala enaake ochokera ku zitsamba kapena amalimbikitsa "anzeru" omwe amakhulupirira kuti amatha kuwachiritsa. Malangizowa amapanga njira yothandizira. Kuchira sikungoyesedwa ndi kutha kwa zizindikiro zokha, komanso ndi kubwerera kwa magwiridwe antchito a anthu: kuthekera kugwira ntchito, kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika za anthu ammudzi, ndikukwaniritsa maudindo a m'banja. Apa ndi pomwe maphunziro azachipatala amatithandiza kumvetsetsa kuti kuchiritsa ndi njira yothandiza anthu, osati kuchitapo kanthu payekha.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Ambiri Amasankha Mankhwala Osagwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ena?
Zifukwa zingapo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala. Choyamba, kupeza: mtengo, mtunda, kupezeka kwa madokotala, ndi mtundu wa chithandizo. M'madera ena, mankhwala achikhalidwe ndi osavuta komanso otsika mtengo. Chachiwiri, kudalira ndi kudziwa: odwala omwe "adamva" m'zipatala zovomerezeka angamve kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri ena. Chachitatu, chikhalidwe ndi kudziwika: kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe kungakhale njira yosungira cholowa cha chidziwitso cha banja ndi anthu ammudzi. Chachinayi, chiyembekezo cha machiritso: pamene matenda osatha ndi ovuta kuchiza, odwala nthawi zambiri amafunafuna njira zina zochiritsira kuti achepetse ululu, kuwonjezera mphamvu, kapena kungopeza mphamvu pa matupi awo.
Kumbali ina, kusankha mankhwala ena sikutanthauza nthawi zonse kukana mankhwala achilengedwe. Anthu ambiri amaphatikiza zinthu ziwirizi mozama: kupita kwa dokotala kuti akapeze matenda ndi kulandira chithandizo chadzidzidzi, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba kapena kutikita minofu kuti achire. Izi zimatchedwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owonjezera. Anthropology ya zamankhwala imawona njira "yosakanikirana" iyi ngati njira yosinthira—odwala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zodziwira matenda kuti awonjezere mwayi wawo wochira.
Ubale Wamphamvu ndi Makhalidwe Abwino mu Zamankhwala
Anthropology ya zamankhwala imatsutsanso ubale wamphamvu mu chisamaliro chaumoyo. Machitidwe a zamankhwala nthawi zambiri amaikidwa ngati muyezo wa chowonadi, pomwe chidziwitso cha m'deralo chimaonedwa ngati chachiwiri. Komabe, miyezo iyi imachokera ku mbiri yakale, mabungwe, ndi zokonda zinazake. Lingaliro ili silikutsutsa mankhwala amakono, koma limafuna kulankhulana kwabwino pakati pa dokotala ndi wodwala: kumvetsetsa chilankhulo cha wodwalayo, kulemekeza zikhulupiriro zawo, ndi kufotokoza momveka bwino zoopsa ndi zabwino za chithandizo.
Komabe, maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu akuwonetsanso mavuto omwe amapezeka pa njira zina zamankhwala. Si njira zonse zachikhalidwe zomwe ndi zotetezeka kapena zogwira mtima, makamaka zikamanenedwa kuti ndi "mankhwala" a matenda akuluakulu popanda umboni, kapena odwala akapemphedwa kuti asiye njira zofunika zachipatala. Apa ndi pomwe makhalidwe abwino amakhala ofunikira: kuteteza odwala ku machitidwe opondereza, kuwonekera poyera pankhani ya zofooka za njira zamankhwala, ndi malamulo omwe amatsimikizira chitetezo cha zosakaniza ndi luso la akatswiri. Njira yabwino si kutsutsa gulu limodzi, koma kumanga mgwirizano ndi chidziwitso cha thanzi.
Kuphatikizana Koyenera Chikhalidwe
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zothandiza zomwe zaperekedwa ndi maphunziro a anthu azachipatala ndikulimbikitsa chisamaliro choganizira za chikhalidwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akatswiri azaumoyo samangoyang'ana zizindikiro zachipatala zokha komanso kumvetsetsa momwe wodwalayo amadyera, momwe amagwirira ntchito, zikhulupiriro za m'banja, komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuyanjana kwa mankhwala, kusalankhulana bwino, komanso kusatsatira chithandizo.
Kuphatikizana kungathekenso kudzera mu kafukufuku ndi kukambirana. Machitidwe ena achikhalidwe amatha kuyesedwa mwasayansi kuti aone ngati ali otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito, kenako nkuikidwa ngati mankhwala ochiritsira okhazikika. Nthawi yomweyo, chidziwitso cha m'deralo chiyenera kuyamikiridwa ngati gwero la zatsopano. Mankhwala ambiri amakono amayamba ndi kafukufuku wokhudza zomera zamankhwala. Ndi mgwirizano wamakhalidwe abwino, mankhwala achikhalidwe sakukondedwa koma amalimbikitsidwa kudzera mu miyezo yabwino, maphunziro, komanso kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ammudzi pa chidziwitso chawo.
Kutseka
Kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala amatithandiza kumvetsetsa kuti thanzi silipezeka palokha m'malo azachipatala, koma limakhala mkati mwa chikhalidwe, maubwenzi, komanso zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mankhwala ena alipo chifukwa anthu amafunikira zambiri kuposa kungozindikira matenda: amafunikira tanthauzo, chithandizo, ndi chiyembekezo. Pamene ntchito zachipatala zamakono zikusintha, mankhwala achikhalidwe komanso othandizira adzapitiriza kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la momwe anthu amasamalirira matupi awo.
Njira yopindulitsa kwambiri ndiyo kumanga mlatho: kulimbikitsa biomedicine ndi chifundo cha chikhalidwe, pamene nthawi yomweyo akukhazikitsa njira zina zothandizira mkati mwa dongosolo loyenera la chitetezo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi umboni. Mwanjira imeneyi, odwala sakakamizidwa kusankha pakati pa "zamakono" ndi "zachikhalidwe," koma m'malo mwake amatha kulandira chisamaliro chathunthu - chachilengedwe, chamaganizo, komanso cha chikhalidwe - chomwe chimakwaniritsa zosowa zawo.
