Kusanthula kwa Anthropology kwa Machiritso Achikhalidwe
Mankhwala achikhalidwe ndi amodzi mwa machitidwe achikhalidwe omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali m'mbiri ya anthu. Sali kokha ngati gulu la njira zochiritsira komanso ngati dongosolo la chidziwitso chozikidwa mu makhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, mankhwala achikhalidwe amamveka ngati gawo la chikhalidwe: momwe anthu ammudzi amatanthauzira matenda, thupi, thanzi, ndi ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe ndi dziko lauzimu. Kudzera mu lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kuwona kuti machitidwe achikhalidwe ochiritsira si "njira zina" zokha za mankhwala amakono, koma m'malo mwake ndi njira ya moyo yokhala ndi malingaliro ake, ulamuliro, ndi ntchito ya chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mankhwala Achikhalidwe Monga Dongosolo Lodziwitsa Anthu Zachikhalidwe
Anthropology imaona chikhalidwe ngati gulu la chidziwitso chophunziridwa komanso chobadwa nacho. Pankhani ya thanzi, chidziwitsochi chimaphatikizapo kugawa matenda, kuzindikira, njira zochiritsira, komanso malamulo oletsa ndi miyambo. Madera ambiri ali ndi maphunziro apadera a chilengedwe omwe amafotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, matenda amatha kumveka ngati kusalingana kwa zinthu zotentha ndi zozizira, kusokoneza mizimu, kuphwanya malamulo oletsa, kapena kuwonetsa mikangano ya anthu. Dongosolo la tanthauzo limeneli limapanga chomwe chimatchedwa ethnomedicine, njira yachipatala yapadera kwa gulu la chikhalidwe.
Mu mankhwala achikhalidwe, asing'anga achikhalidwe—a shaman, a tabib, a balian (asing'anga achikhalidwe), asing'anga achikhalidwe, kapena atsogoleri achikhalidwe—ali ndi ulamuliro osati chifukwa cha luso lawo laukadaulo popanga mankhwala, komanso chifukwa cha luso lawo lowerenga zizindikiro za chikhalidwe ndi zauzimu. Kuchiritsa kumakhala njira yomwe imagwirizanitsa thupi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuchiritsa sikungochotsa zizindikiro zakuthupi, koma m'malo mwake kubwezeretsa mgwirizano pakati pa munthu payekha, anthu ammudzi, ndi mphamvu zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zimakhudza moyo.
Lingaliro la Matenda: Matenda ndi Matenda
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zaperekedwa mu maphunziro a zachipatala ndi kusiyana pakati pa matenda ndi matenda. Matenda amatanthauza matenda achilengedwe omwe amayesedwa m'njira yachipatala, pomwe matenda amatanthauza zomwe munthu amakumana nazo chifukwa cha matenda—kuphatikizapo malingaliro, matanthauzo, manyazi, ndi kutanthauzira kwa anthu. Mankhwala achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amagwirizana kwambiri ndi matenda chifukwa amakhudza zomwe wodwalayo amakumana nazo. Wodwala angasonyeze vuto la thupi, koma asing'anga achikhalidwe amafunsa za ubale wa m'banja, malingaliro amkati, maloto, kapena zochitika zinazake zomwe zimaonedwa ngati zoyambitsa zinthu zakuthupi.
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, izi sizikutanthauza kuti mankhwala achikhalidwe ndi "osaganiza bwino." Kuganiza bwino kwake ndi kosiyana: kumagwira ntchito mkati mwa mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa komanso achikhalidwe omwe anthu ammudzi amawazindikira. Pamene anthu ammudzi amakhulupirira kuti matenda angachokere ku "kusamvana" kapena "kusamvana kwauzimu," machitidwe ochiritsa amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenera chifukwa amalimbana ndi zomwe amakhulupirira.
Miyambo, Zizindikiro, ndi Zotsatira za Machiritso
Machiritso achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi miyambo: mapemphero, mawu opatulika, nsembe, kusuta, kapena zochita zinazake zophiphiritsira. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaona kuti miyambo imeneyi si "yowonjezera" chabe koma ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimamanga tanthauzo ndi chidaliro. Miyambo imapanga mkhalidwe womwe odwala amamva kuti akusamalidwa, akumvetsedwa, komanso ali ndi chiyembekezo. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zophiphiritsira zimenezi zimathandiza kusintha maganizo—monga kuchepetsa nkhawa, kukhala chete, kapena kukhala ndi chidaliro chowonjezeka pakuchira.
Zotsatirazi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi lingaliro la placebo mu zamankhwala amakono, koma anthropology ikugogomezera kuti "placebo" si kungoganiza chabe; ndi zotsatira za kuyanjana kwa zikhulupiriro, ziyembekezo, maubwenzi a anthu, ndi chikhalidwe. Pamene sing'anga wachikhalidwe akuwoneka kuti ali ndi "charisma" kapena mphamvu yauzimu, kukumana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kumakhala chochitika champhamvu cha chikhalidwe. Kupezeka kwa chithandizo cha banja, anthu ammudzi, ndi zizindikiro zingapo zimathandiza kupanga chithandizo cha machiritso momwe zingathere komanso momwe zingathere.
Ubale Wachikhalidwe ndi Udindo wa Asing'anga Achikhalidwe
M'madera ambiri, asing'anga achikhalidwe ali ndi udindo wapadera pagulu. Angathe kukhala ngati oyimira mikangano, alangizi a makhalidwe abwino, komanso osunga mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Asing'anga achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amalankhula nkhani zomwe zimakhala zovuta kukambirana momasuka—monga nkhawa, mikangano ya m'banja, kapena mantha. Ndi chilankhulo cha chikhalidwe chomwe chilipo, asing'anga amatha kutchula nkhanizi ndikupereka mayankho ovomerezeka pagulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, asing'anga achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka mosavuta: pafupi ndi malo, amakhala osinthasintha pazachuma (malipiro amatha kukhala mu mawonekedwe a katundu kapena ntchito), komanso amadziwa bwino chilankhulo cha m'deralo komanso miyambo ya m'deralo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikondabe mankhwala achikhalidwe ngakhale zipatala zamakono zilipo. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusankha chithandizo sikuti ndi chisankho cha munthu payekha, koma chopangidwa ndi mabanja, udindo wawo, komanso zomwe anthu ammudzi akukumana nazo.
Kukula kwa Zachilengedwe: Ubale Pakati pa Anthu ndi Chilengedwe
Machiritso ambiri achikhalidwe amadalira kudziwa za zomera zamankhwala, nyama, ndi zachilengedwe. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imawona izi ngati chiwonetsero cha kusintha kwa anthu ku chilengedwe chawo. Kudziwa zitsamba, zonunkhira, mizu, masamba, kapena njira zotikita minofu kumakula kudzera muzochita zakale, kufalikira kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana, komanso kuwona chilengedwe.
Komabe, kusintha kwa zinthu kumabweretsa mavuto: kutayika kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kusintha nthaka, ndi malonda a zomera zamankhwala. Mankhwala achikhalidwe akapangidwa mochuluka, chidziwitso chomwe poyamba chinali cha m'deralo komanso cha m'deralo chingasiyane ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo achikhalidwe omwe amachilamulira. Anthropology imatikumbutsa kuti ubale wa anthu ndi chilengedwe siwongokhudza "zinthu zopangira," komanso wokhudza umunthu, udindo, ndi moyo.
Mphamvu, Kuvomerezeka, ndi Kuyimira M'modzi
Mankhwala achikhalidwe amapezekanso mkati mwa nkhondo ya mphamvu. M'mayiko ambiri, mankhwala a zamankhwala amathandizidwa ndi mabungwe aboma, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi malamulo okhwima. Pakadali pano, mankhwala achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi "osavomerezeka," ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu akuwonetsa momwe matanthauzidwe a "sayansi" ndi "osaphunzira" nthawi zambiri amagwirizanirana ndi ulamuliro, ndale za chidziwitso, ndi zofuna zachuma.
Njira yopezera chithandizo chamankhwala—chizolowezi choona zinthu zambiri za moyo ngati mavuto azachipatala—ingasinthe momwe anthu amamvetsetsera matenda. Zinthu zomwe kale zinkaonedwa ngati zochitika zachikhalidwe kapena zauzimu zimatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala matenda amisala okha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, palinso chizolowezi chophatikiza mankhwala achikhalidwe mu dongosolo lazaumoyo. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kungakhale kwabwino ngati kuchitidwa molemekeza chikhalidwe ndi chitetezo cha odwala, komanso kumaika pachiwopsezo kuchepetsa miyambo yachikhalidwe kukhala "mankhwala azitsamba" osamvetsetsa miyambo yawo ndi magawo awo achikhalidwe.
Kugwirizana kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Kugulitsa Mankhwala Achikhalidwe
Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwabweretsa mankhwala achikhalidwe m'malo atsopano: misika yapadziko lonse, makampani azaumoyo, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Machitidwe monga mankhwala azitsamba, acupuncture, kapena kutikita minofu yachikhalidwe akhoza kukwezedwa ngati njira za moyo. Kumbali imodzi, izi zimatsegula mwayi wazachuma komanso kuzindikirika. Kumbali ina, zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigula zinthu: chidziwitso cha m'deralo chimagulitsidwa, chimaperekedwa patent, kapena chimalekanitsidwa ndi madera omwe chimachokera.
Anthropology ikugogomezera kufunika kwa makhalidwe abwino: ndani amapindula ndi malonda awa? Kodi madera omwe ali ndi chidziwitso amalandira ulemu ndi mapindu oyenera? Kodi machitidwe akusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe msika umakonda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe chawo chitayike? Mafunso awa ndi ofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe mankhwala achikhalidwe amagwirira ntchito masiku ano.
Mapeto
Kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kukuwonetsa kuti mankhwala achikhalidwe ndi njira yovuta: ndi njira yodziwira, njira zachikhalidwe, ndi zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa momwe anthu ammudzi amamvetsetsa matenda ndi machiritso. Machitidwewa sangaweruzidwe kokha kuchokera ku lingaliro la kugwira ntchito kwa zamoyo, chifukwa amagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zamaganizo, zachikhalidwe, komanso zauzimu. M'moyo wamakono, mankhwala achikhalidwe amakumana ndi zovuta kuchokera ku kusintha kwamakono, malamulo, ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, zimapitilira chifukwa zimapereka chinthu chomwe biomedicine nthawi zambiri sichikwaniritsa mokwanira: chidziwitso chathunthu, chokhazikika pagulu, komanso chothandiza pachikhalidwe. Mwa kumvetsetsa machitidwe awa kudzera mu anthropology, titha kulimbikitsa kukambirana koyenera pakati pa machitidwe osiyanasiyana azaumoyo ndi mfundo zopangira zomwe zimalemekeza nzeru zakomweko ndikuteteza chitetezo ndi ubwino wa anthu ammudzi.
