Zotsatira za Anthropology mu Kupanga Zinthu ndi Kupanga Zinthu Mwatsopano
Mumsika womwe ukupikisana kwambiri, kupambana kwa chinthu sikungodalira luso laukadaulo kapena kupanga kotsika mtengo kokha. Zinthu zomwe zimapirira komanso kukondedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimabadwa chifukwa chomvetsetsa bwino khalidwe la anthu: zizolowezi, makhalidwe, chikhalidwe, zizindikiro, ubale wa anthu, komanso momwe zinthu zilili tsiku ndi tsiku. Apa ndi pomwe anthropology—kuphunzira za anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo—imakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakupanga zinthu ndi zatsopano. Anthropology imathandiza opanga ndi opanga zinthu zatsopano kuona "chifukwa" chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa khalidwe la ogwiritsa ntchito, osati "zomwe" amachita.
Anthropology monga njira yowunikira momwe zinthu zilili
Njira zophunzirira za anthu zimagogomezera kuti khalidwe la anthu silichitika mwachisawawa. Mmene anthu amadyera, kugwira ntchito, kulankhulana, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo nthawi zonse zimakhudzidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu, kapangidwe ka banja, chilankhulo, gulu la zachuma, jenda, chipembedzo, komanso mbiri ya anthu. Pakupanga zinthu, kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi kumatiteteza kuti tisagwere m'mavuto a malingaliro abodza omwe nthawi zambiri amakhalapo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a pulogalamu ya "kugawana malo" angaganizidwe kuti ndi othandiza pa chitetezo m'dziko lina, koma amaonedwa ngati chiwopsezo chachinsinsi m'dziko lina. Ngakhale m'dziko limodzi, malingaliro okhudza chiopsezo amatha kusiyana malinga ndi magulu azaka, ntchito, kapena chikhalidwe. Anthropology imatikumbutsa kuti kapangidwe kamene kamaoneka "komveka" kwa wopanga kangagwirizane ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito ake.
Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa ogwiritsa ntchito mpaka ku ethnography: kufufuza tanthauzo la zochita
Njira yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi anthropology m'dziko la mapangidwe ndi ethnography: kuyang'ana mozama miyoyo ya ogwiritsa ntchito m'malo awo enieni. Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku, omwe nthawi zambiri amadalira mayankho omveka bwino, ethnography imatenga zinthu zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri sadziwa: machitidwe, machenjerero ang'onoang'ono, kuvomereza, ndi njira zogonjetsera zolepheretsa.
Mu njira yatsopanoyi, ethnography imathandiza kupeza malo opweteka omwe sanatchulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, wina sangadandaule mwachindunji za phukusi la chinthu, koma kuwona kungasonyeze kuti nthawi zonse amasamutsa zomwe zili mkati mwake kupita ku chidebe china chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kutsegula kapena kusunga malo. Zomwe zapezeka ngati izi ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa kufunsa kuti, "Kodi mwakhutira ndi phukusili?" chifukwa anthropology imafufuza machitidwe enieni, osati malingaliro okha.
Zogulitsa monga zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe
Anthropology imawonanso zinthu ngati zinthu zakale—zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira. Mafoni am'manja, zovala, magalimoto, komanso mapulogalamu a digito samangogwira ntchito zothandiza komanso zizindikiro za umunthu, udindo, umembala wa gulu, ndi moyo. Zotsatira za kapangidwe kake ndi zazikulu: luso lokha lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri ntchito lingalephereke ngati silikunyalanyaza tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka mawotchi anzeru sikuti ndi kungowonjezera zinthu zathanzi zokha; koma kumafunikanso kuganizira za kukongola ndi zizindikiro za udindo. M'madera ena, mawotchi amatha kukhala gawo lofunikira pa mawonekedwe ovomerezeka; m'madera ena, zida zowala kwambiri zimatha kuonedwa ngati zodzionetsera. Anthropology imathandiza kuyika matanthauzo awa kuti zinthu zisagwirizane ndi miyambo yomwe ilipo.
Kupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso zoganizira chikhalidwe cha anthu onse
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu amapereka ndi kulimbikitsa kapangidwe ka zinthu zonse. Zinthu zambiri zimalephera osati chifukwa cha malingaliro oipa, koma chifukwa cha tsankho: zinthu zopangidwa kutengera zomwe gulu lina lakumana nazo ndikunyalanyaza zosowa za ena. Maphunziro a za chikhalidwe cha anthu amatiphunzitsa kuganizira kusiyanasiyana kwa machitidwe ndi zolepheretsa, kuphatikizapo mwayi wopeza ukadaulo, kuwerenga, kulumala, ndi kusiyana kwa zilankhulo ndi zizindikiro.
Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a pulogalamu omwe amadalira zolemba zambiri akhoza kukhala ovuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi luso lochepa lolemba kapena omwe amakonda zithunzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikiro zimatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro zina zamanja, mitundu, kapena mafanizo zimatha kukhala zokhumudwitsa kapena zosokoneza. Kapangidwe koganizira za chikhalidwe kamasankha mawonekedwe oyenera, kamapereka njira zosinthira makonda, ndikupewa njira "yofanana ndi zonse".
Anthropology ya bungwe: kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha makampani kuti alimbikitse luso
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu sizimangokhudza ogwiritsa ntchito okha komanso mabungwe omwe amapanga zinthu. Chikhalidwe cha kampani—mfundo zovomerezeka, njira zolumikizirana, kapangidwe ka zisankho, komanso ubale wapakati pa madipatimenti—zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa kapangidwe ndi liwiro la zatsopano. Chikhalidwe cha anthu m'bungwe chingathandize kuzindikira zopinga zachikhalidwe: mwachitsanzo, chizolowezi chodzudzula zolephera, maudindo omwe amaletsa zomwe zimachokera kumunda, kapena mabungwe omwe amagawikana.
Mwa kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe chamkati chimagwirira ntchito, makampani amatha kupanga njira zatsopano zabwino: zogwirizana, zobwerezabwereza, komanso zotseguka kuphunzira. Anthropology imathandiza kusintha zatsopano kuchokera ku ndondomeko yaukadaulo kukhala njira yochezera anthu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi zizolowezi zabwino zogwirira ntchito.
Kupanga pamodzi ndi kutenga nawo mbali: ogwiritsa ntchito ngati ogwirizana nawo pakupanga zinthu zatsopano
Kafukufuku wa anthu amakono nthawi zambiri amasankha njira yogwirizana: kukhudza anthu ammudzi pakupanga zinthu. Pakupanga zinthu, izi zimawonekera popanga zinthu pamodzi, komwe ogwiritsa ntchito amachita ngati ogwirizana pofotokoza mavuto, kuyesa zitsanzo, ndi kukonza mayankho. Njira imeneyi imachepetsa chiopsezo cholephera chifukwa zinthuzo zimamangidwa motsatira zenizeni za wogwiritsa ntchito, osati kungotengera kutanthauzira kwa gulu lopanga zinthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga limodzi kumawonjezera kudzimva kuti ndiwe mwiniwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazatsopano zomwe zimasintha machitidwe, monga mautumiki azaumoyo a digito, mapulogalamu ophunzitsira, kapena zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe. Anthu ammudzi akamaona kuti ndi ofunika komanso okhudzidwa, kusintha kwa khalidwe kumakhala kovuta.
Kupeza zosowa zobisika ndi mwayi watsopano wopeza zatsopano
Zinthu zambiri zatsopano sizimachokera ku zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito, koma ku zosowa zobisika—zosowa zomwe sizingathe kufotokozedwa chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito sanaganizirebe yankho. Anthropology imachita bwino kwambiri povumbulutsa zosowa zobisika kudzera mukuwona kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kumvetsetsa machitidwe a moyo.
Mwachitsanzo, m'madera otanganidwa kwambiri m'mizinda, anthu angaoneke ngati "akusangalala" ndi ntchito zotumizira. Komabe, maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kuvumbula nkhawa za anthu: kudzimva kuti ali ndi mlandu pakudya zakudya zosapatsa thanzi, kufunikira koyang'anira kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kapena chikhumbo chodyera limodzi popanda kutuluka m'nyumba. Apa ndi pomwe mwayi watsopano umatulukira: osati mapulogalamu otumizira okha, komanso nsanja zomwe zimaphatikiza kusonkhanitsa zakudya, anthu ammudzi, komanso zochitika za anthu.
Makhalidwe abwino ndi zotsatira za anthu: kupanga zinthu mwanzeru
Anthropology imagogomezeranso makhalidwe abwino: momwe chinthu chimakhudzira ubale wa anthu, kugawa mphamvu, ndi ubwino wa anthu ammudzi. Mu nthawi ya deta ndi luntha lochita kupanga, mbali iyi ikukulirakulira. Zinthu za digito zimatha kupanga khalidwe, kusintha malingaliro, ndikupanga kudalira. Anthropology imalimbikitsa mafunso ofunikira: ndani amapindula, ndani amataya, ndipo ndi mfundo ziti zomwe zimayikidwa mu kapangidwe?
Mwachitsanzo, ma algorithm olimbikitsa amatha kulimbikitsa tsankho ngati deta yophunzitsira ikuwonetsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu. Kapangidwe ka dongosolo lodalirika kamafuna kuganizira za kuwonekera bwino, kuwongolera ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa thanzi la maganizo ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la anthropology, kupanga zinthu zatsopano sikuti ndi "kwatsopano" kokha komanso "koyenera" kwa anthu ndi malo awo ochezera.
Kutseka
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu pakupanga zinthu ndi zatsopano ndi zazikulu: kuyambira kafukufuku wa mafuko mpaka kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito, mpaka kutanthauzira zinthu ngati zinthu zachikhalidwe, mpaka kapangidwe kophatikizana komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana, mpaka kuwunika kwa makhalidwe abwino kwa momwe ukadaulo umakhudzira anthu. Anthropology imathandiza makampani ndi opanga mapulani kuthawa msampha wa malingaliro ndikuwona zenizeni za anthu onse—monga anthu okhala m'magulu a anthu okhala mkati mwa ukonde wa makhalidwe abwino, zizindikiro, ndi zizolowezi.
Pomaliza, zinthu zatsopano sizimangokhala zapamwamba kwambiri, komanso zogwirizana kwambiri, zomveka bwino, komanso zodalirika. Mwa kuphatikiza maphunziro a anthu mu njira yopangira, zatsopano zimatha kukhala zoyang'ana kwambiri anthu: osati kungoyang'ana ogwiritsa ntchito ngati "ogula," koma anthu monga mamembala a zikhalidwe ndi madera ovuta.
