Nkhani za Anthropology ndi Kukhazikika kwa Zachilengedwe
Anthropology ya zachilengedwe ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira ubale pakati pa anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe. Siimangoyang'ana momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu, komanso momwe mfundo, chidziwitso cha m'deralo, chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndi ndale zimakhudzira momwe madera amagwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe. Pakati pa vuto la nyengo lomwe likukulirakulira, kudula mitengo, kuipitsa chilengedwe, ndi kutayika kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, anthropology ya zachilengedwe imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chomvetsetsa nkhani zokhazikika bwino kwambiri - osati nkhani zaukadaulo zokha, komanso nkhani za makhalidwe, mphamvu, ndi tanthauzo.
Kumvetsetsa chilengedwe ngati malo achikhalidwe
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, "chilengedwe" sichikhala chopanda tsankho. Nkhalango, mitsinje, nyanja, ndi nthaka sizinthu zakuthupi zokha, koma malo okhala ndi tanthauzo kudzera mu miyambo yachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kwa madera ena achikhalidwe, nkhalango zimatha kumvedwa ngati malo opatulika okhalamo, malo okhala makolo, kapena gwero la umunthu wa anthu onse. Lingaliro limeneli limasiyana ndi malingaliro amakono, omwe nthawi zambiri amaona chilengedwe ngati chuma chachuma. Matanthauzo osiyanasiyanawa amabweretsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyang'anira: madera ena amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima odula mitengo, amaletsa zochitika zina m'malo opatulika, kapena amawongolera nyengo yokolola kuti apewe kusokoneza kubwezeretsedwa kwachilengedwe.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe limakhudzanso chidziwitso chachikhalidwe cha zachilengedwe (TEK). Chidziwitsochi chimachokera ku zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwona, ndi kuphunzira kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo ndi chizolowezi cholima mosinthana, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimamveka ngati kudula mitengo. Nthawi zina, kulima mosinthana kumakhala ndi nthawi yopuma yomwe imalola nthaka kuti ibwererenso. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imagogomezera kufunika komvetsetsa machitidwe am'deralo kuchokera pamalingaliro a ochita sewero, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo achikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe.
Kukhazikika ngati nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso ndale
Nkhani zokhudzana ndi kukhazikika nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ngati nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi: kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, mphamvu zoyera, kusunga chilengedwe, ndi chuma chobiriwira. Ngakhale zonsezi ndizofunikira, maphunziro a zachilengedwe amachenjeza kuti mfundo "zobiriwira" zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pagulu. Mwachitsanzo, dera likasankhidwa kukhala paki yadziko kapena malo osungira zachilengedwe, sizitanthauza kungoteteza chilengedwe. Palinso kuthekera kochotsa anthu m'deralo, zoletsa mwayi wopeza ndalama zothandizira anthu okhala m'deralo, kapena mikangano ya nthaka. Chochitikachi chimadziwika m'maphunziro ofunikira kuti "kusunga linga," njira yosungira chilengedwe yomwe imalekanitsa anthu ndi chilengedwe, ngati kuti kukhalapo kwa anthu kumawononga chilengedwe.
Pankhani yokhudza kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, funso la anthropology ya zachilengedwe silimangokhala "momwe mungapulumutsire chilengedwe?", komanso "ndani amasankha njira yochipulumutsira?", "ndani amapeza phindu pazachuma?", ndi "ndani amanyamula ndalama zomwe zimawononga anthu?". Kukhazikika sikungalekanitsidwe ndi ubale wamphamvu: mayiko, makampani, mabungwe opereka ndalama, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakupanga njira yoyendetsera mfundo zachilengedwe. Kumbali ina, madera am'deralo—omwe amakhala pafupi ndi dera—nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zogulira.
Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa chilengedwe
Kusintha kwa nyengo kumavumbula kwambiri kusalingana padziko lonse lapansi. Magulu ambiri omwe akupereka mpweya woipa wa carbon ndi ochepa akukumana ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu: kulephera kwa mbewu, asodzi akuvutika kuneneratu nyengo, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja komwe kukuopseza malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha masoka achilengedwe. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imafufuza momwe madera amakumana ndi kusintha kumeneku m'miyoyo yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku: momwe amatanthauzira nyengo yosayembekezereka, momwe amapangira njira zothanirana ndi mavuto (kusintha), komanso momwe malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amathandizira kapena kufooketsa kulimba mtima kwa anthu ammudzi.
Lingaliro la "chilungamo cha chilengedwe" ndilofunika kwambiri pano. Chilungamo cha chilengedwe chimayang'ana kugawa koyenera kwa zoopsa ndi maubwino a chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha mafakitale chomwe chimaipitsa mitsinje nthawi zambiri chimakhudza mwachindunji anthu okhala m'deralo omwe amadalira madzi oyera ndi nsomba kuti apeze zofunika pa moyo wawo, pomwe phindu la zachuma limapita makamaka kwa eni ake a chuma. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imamvetsera mawu a magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, kuphatikizapo anthu ammudzi, akazi, madera osauka akumatauni, ndi antchito omwe akhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwachuma kobiriwira.
Kusintha kwa misika, kusintha kwa moyo, ndi kusintha kwa moyo
Kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe kumakhudzanso kusintha kwa moyo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu ndi misika. Kuphatikizana mu chuma cha msika kungasinthe momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu, njira zopezera malo, komanso njira zopangira zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ulimi wongodzisamalira ukusintha kukhala ulimi waukulu wa zinthu, pamakhala kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mankhwala, kuchotsa malo akuluakulu, kapena ulimi wa zomera zokha. Zotsatira zake zitha kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kutayika kwa mitundu ya zomera zakomweko, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kudalira kwa alimi pazinthu zakunja.
Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imafufuza momwe kusinthaku sikuli kokha kofunikira komanso kumakhudzira machitidwe a anthu: maubwenzi a ogwira ntchito, maudindo a amuna ndi akazi, komanso miyambo yachikhalidwe. Nthawi zina, madera amakumana ndi vuto: kusunga moyo womwe umaonedwa kuti ndi "wachikhalidwe" kapena kutsatira njira zachuma zomwe zimalonjeza ndalama. Zosankhazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda ndi zoyera. Anthu amatha kuphatikiza njira, kukambirana, komanso kupanga zatsopano zakomweko kuti akwaniritse zosowa zachuma pomwe akusungabe kukhazikika.
Chidziwitso ndi sayansi yakomweko: mikangano kapena mgwirizano?
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zaperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe ndi kutseka kusiyana pakati pa chidziwitso cha m'deralo ndi sayansi yamakono. Nthawi zambiri zinthu ziwirizi sizigwirizana, komabe pali mwayi wochuluka wogwirizana. Chidziwitso cha m'deralo chingathandize kupanga mapu a madera omwe masoka amakumana nawo, kuwona kusintha kwa nyengo, ndikusankha mbewu zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi nyengo zinazake. Sayansi yamakono ikhoza kuwonjezera izi ndi deta ya nyengo, kuwunika ukadaulo, kapena kukonzekera kochokera ku chitsanzo. Mgwirizano wabwino umafuna kuzindikira kuti chidziwitso cha m'deralo si nkhani chabe koma zotsatira za kuyang'ana mwadongosolo mkati mwa chikhalidwe china.
Komabe, mgwirizano ukhozanso kukhala njira yopezera chidziwitso, komwe chidziwitso cha m'deralo chimatengedwa popanda kubweretsa phindu lililonse kwa anthu ammudzi. Kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe akugogomezera kufunika kwa kafukufuku ndi makhalidwe abwino: kuvomerezana mwachidziwitso, kugawana phindu, ndi kulemekeza ufulu wanzeru ndi wogwirizana wa anthu ammudzi.
Kuyambira machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka mfundo zophatikiza anthu onse
Kukhazikika nthawi zambiri kumaganiziridwa ngati pulogalamu yayikulu: mapulojekiti amphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, kubzala mitengo ya mangrove, kapena kukonzanso nkhalango. Anthropology ya zachilengedwe imawonjezera kuti kukhazikika kumapangidwanso kuchokera ku machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku: momwe mabanja amasamalirira zinyalala, momwe alimi amasamalirira madzi, momwe madera amatetezera akasupe, ndi momwe asodzi amakhazikitsira malamulo osodza. Machitidwe awa samangoyima okha; amakhudzidwa ndi miyambo ya anthu, zilango zachikhalidwe, mgwirizano, ndi mavuto azachuma.
Chifukwa chake, mfundo zogwira mtima zokhazikika ziyenera kukhala zophatikiza anthu onse komanso zoganizira zomwe zikuchitika. Mapulogalamu opangidwa mofanana nthawi zambiri amalephera chifukwa amanyalanyaza kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zakumaloko. Kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe amalimbikitsa njira yogawana nawo, komwe anthu ammudzi amakhala nawo kuyambira pachiyambi chokonzekera, osati ngati opindula okha. Kutenga nawo mbali si kungochitika mwamwambo pamisonkhano, koma njira yomangira mgwirizano, kutsegula mwayi wopeza chidziwitso, ndikuzindikira ufulu woyang'anira womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Pomaliza: chifukwa chiyani maphunziro a za chilengedwe ndi ofunikira?
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'chilengedwe n'kofunika chifukwa kumatikumbutsa kuti vuto la zachilengedwe ndi vuto la ubale—pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, komanso pakati pa anthu ndi anthu. Kukhazikika sikungatheke mwa kungogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosamalira chilengedwe ngati kusalingana pakati pa anthu, kulanda malo, ndi kunyalanyaza zikhalidwe zakomweko zikupitirira. Pomvetsetsa matanthauzo a chikhalidwe, kapangidwe ka mphamvu, ndi machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'chilengedwe kumathandiza kupanga mayankho omwe si "obiriwira" papepala lokha, komanso olungama, ovomerezeka, komanso okhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mu dziko lomwe likuyendetsedwa kwambiri ndi zolinga zachitukuko ndi zofunikira zachuma, maphunziro a zachilengedwe amapereka maziko ofunikira: kumvetsera zomwe anthu ammudzi akukumana nazo, kulemekeza chidziwitso cha m'deralo, ndikuwona chilengedwe ngati gawo la moyo wa anthu. Apa ndi pomwe kukhazikika kwa zinthu kungamveke osati ngati mawu, koma ngati njira yogawana yomwe imafuna kukambirana, chilungamo, ndi udindo wa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana.
