Ngā Tatauranga i roto i ngā Akoranga Ira Tangata
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tatauranga ki te mārama ki ngā take ira tangata i roto i tētahi huarahi e taea ai te ine, te pūnaha, me te whai kawenga. Ehara i te mea ko ngā wheako, ko ngā tuakiri, me ngā whanaungatanga mana anake e arohia ana e ngā rangahau ira tangata, engari ko ngā tauira pāpori e kitea ana mā roto i ngā raraunga: ko wai e uru atu ana ki te mātauranga, ko wai e tino whakaraerae ana ki te tutu, ko wai e whiwhi mahi ōkawa, me pēhea te wehewehenga o ngā mahi ā-whare, me pēhea te rerekētanga o ngā pānga o ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui ki ngā tāne, ngā wāhine, me ngā ira tangata tokoiti. Mā roto i ngā tatauranga, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te aromatawai mēnā kei te noho tonu te kore taurite, te whānuitanga o te raruraru, me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki tēnei.
Heoi, ko te whakamahinga o ngā tatauranga i roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata he mea nui atu i te "tatau" noa i te tokomaha o ngā wāhine, o ngā tāne rānei. He wero ariā me ngā wero tikanga: me pēhea te tautuhi i te ira tangata i roto i ngā rangahau, me pēhea te karo i te whakaaro whāiti, me pēhea te whakamārama i ngā tatauranga me te kore e whakangawari rawa i te mooni pāpori. Nō reira, he taputapu nui te mātauranga tatauranga mō ngā mātauranga, ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, ngā kairīpoata raraunga, me ngā kaiwhakahau e mahi ana i ngā take ōritetanga ira tangata.
He aha te hiranga o ngā tatauranga i roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata?
Mā ngā tatauranga ka āwhina i a rātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matua i roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata. Tuatahi, ka whakaratohia e ngā tatauranga he māramatanga mō te tauine: hei tauira, he aha te ōrau o te rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā wāhine me ngā tāne, he aha rānei te ōwehenga o ngā tāngata i pāngia e te tūkino ira tangata e ripoata ana i ā rātou keehi. Tuarua, mā ngā tatauranga ka taea te whakataurite puta noa i te wā me ngā rohe: i pai ake te kore taurite i muri i te whakatinanatanga o tētahi kaupapa here? I iti ake te whakatutukitanga mātauranga o tētahi kawanatanga mō ngā wāhine i tētahi atu? Tuatoru, ka tautokohia e ngā tatauranga te tirotiro i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi: hei tauira, mēnā he hononga te tūnga marena, te maha o ngā tamariki, te rāngai mahi rānei ki ngā tūponotanga o ngā wāhine ki te eke ki ngā tūranga whakahaere.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, mā ngā tatauranga ka kaha ake ngā kōrero mō te ira tangata nā te mea kāore ngā tautohetohe e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wheako takitahi anake—he mea nui tonu—engari ki ngā tauira hanganga e kitea ana i roto i ngā raraunga whakahiato. Ina whakaatuhia e ngā tatauranga te kore taurite puta noa i ngā horopaki maha, ka taea e tātou te māia ake he raruraru pūnaha te raruraru, ehara i te mea tūpono noa iho.
Raraunga Ira Tangata: Mai i te Rua ki te Whānuitanga
Ko tētahi o ngā take nui ko te āhua o te ine i te ira tangata. He maha ngā rangahau tuku iho e whakarato ana i ngā kōwhiringa "tāne" me te "wahine". I ētahi horopaki, kāore i te rawaka ēnei wāhanga, nā te mea ka taea te mārama ki te ira tangata hei whānuitanga o ngā tuakiri me ngā whakaaturanga. I tētahi atu taha, he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he raraunga paerewa mō ngā kaupapa here hei whakataurite. Ko te wero ko te whakataurite i te hiahia mō te whakaaturanga me te ōritetanga o te ine.
Kei te tipu haere te mahi wehewehe i ngā ariā o te "ira tangata i whakaritea i te whānautanga" me te "tuakiri ira tangata o nāianei." Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te kohikohi raraunga whānui ake, engari me tūpato: te noho muna o ngā kaiwhakautu, te haumarutanga raraunga, me te whakangungu i ngā kaitatau kia kore ai e whakahēngia ngā pātai. I roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata, he rite te hiranga o te huarahi e pātaihia ai ngā pātai ki ngā tau ka puta mai.
Te Hoahoa Rangahau me te Pānga i roto i te Ine
Ka tīmata ngā tatauranga pai i ngā raraunga pai. I roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata, ka puta te whakaaro pākiki mai i te hoahoa tauira. Hei tauira, ko ngā rangahau whare e uiui ana i te "upoko o te whare" ka tūpono ka warewarehia ngā tirohanga a ētahi atu mema o te whānau, inā koa ko ngā wāhine. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kaupapa tairongo pēnei i te tutu ā-whare, te whakahāwea rānei i te wāhi mahi ka ngāwari ki te kore e pūrongohia nā te wehi, te whakama, te kore whakawhirinaki rānei ki ngā umanga.
He whakaaro pākiki anō hoki kei roto i ngā tohu e whakamahia ana. Hei tauira, ki te inehia te whai wāhitanga mahi mā te mahi utu anake, ka warewarehia te takoha o te mahi kāinga me te mahi tiaki, e mahia ana e ngā wāhine i te nuinga o te wā. Nō reira, ka akiakihia e ngā rangahau ira tangata te whakawhānui ake i ngā tohu: te whakamahinga o ngā rangahau whakamahinga wā, ngā inenga o te mahi kore utu, me ngā tohu oranga e kore e pā ki te ōhanga.
Tātari Whakaahuatanga: Te Kite i te Tauritekore ki te Kanohi
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te tātari tatauranga he tikanga tatauranga whakaahua: te toharite, te ōrau, te tau waenga, te whakaaturanga raraunga rānei. Ahakoa te āhua māmā, he tino whai hua te tātari whakaahua mō te mahere i ngā kore taurite e hangai ana ki te ira tangata. Hei tauira:
– Te rerekētanga o ngā utu i waenga i ngā ira tangata: te whakatairite i ngā utu toharite o ngā tāne me ngā wāhine, i te katoa me te rāngai.
– Te whai wāhi ki te mātauranga: te ōwehenga o ngā wāhine me ngā tāne e haere tonu ana ki te kura tuarua, ki te whare wānanga rānei.
– Te māngai tōrangapū: te ōrau o ngā tūru ture e puritia ana e ngā wāhine.
– Te nui o te mahi ā-whare: te toharite o ngā hāora ia wiki e pau ana ki te tunu kai, te horoi, te tiaki tamariki rānei.
Heoi, me tūpato ngā kairangahau: ka huna pea e ngā toharite ngā rerekētanga nui. Hei tauira, tera pea te āhua tata o ngā whiwhinga toharite a ngā wāhine ki ngā whiwhinga a ngā tāne, engari ki te mea kei te mahi ā-kore, wā-wāhanga rānei ngā wāhine, tera pea ka uaua ake te kore taurite tuturu.
Tātari Whakatau: Te Whakamātautau i ngā Take me ngā Awe
Haunga ngā tatauranga whakaahua, ka āwhina ngā tatauranga whakatau tata ki te aromatawai mēnā he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā rerekētanga kua kitea, ehara i te tūponotanga tauira anake. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā whakamātautau rerekētanga toharite, ngā whakamātautau chi-square, me te whakatauira hei tirotiro i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ira tangata me ngā putanga rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakatauira hei whakamātautau mēnā kei te whai pānga tonu te ira tangata ki ngā utu i muri i te whakahaere i te mātauranga, te wheako mahi, te rāngai, me ngā hāora mahi.
I roto i te horopaki kaupapa here, he mea nui anō hoki ngā huarahi whakatau take: ka nui ake te pikinga ake o te whakaurunga kura o ngā kōtiro i ngā kaupapa āwhina pāpori i ngā kaupapa tama? Ka pai ake rānei te pupuri mahi a ngā wāhine i muri i te whānautanga i ngā wā hararei whānau utu? Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te rerekētanga-i-ngā-rerekētanga, te taurite, ngā whakamātautau whakahaere matapōkere (RCT) rānei, mena ka noho tonu ngā tikanga matatika me te whaihua hei whakaaro matua.
Te Whakawhitiwhitinga: Kāore te Ira Tangata e Tū Mokemoke
Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o ngā rangahau ira tangata o ēnei rā ko te whakawhitiwhitinga: he rerekē ngā wheako o te ira tangata i runga i te karaehe pāpori, te iwi, te hauātanga, te tau, te wāhi noho, me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Mā ngā tatauranga ka taea te tātari i ngā paparanga maha, pērā i te whakatairite i ngā rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā tāne me ngā wāhine, tae atu ki ngā wāhine i ngā tāone nui me ngā tāone iti, i ngā wāhine rānei he rerekē ngā taumata mātauranga.
Heoi, me nui te rahi o te tauira mō te tātari whakawhiti. Mēnā he nui rawa ngā kāwai, he iti rawa hoki ngā kaiwhakautu, ka kore e pumau ngā whakatau tata. Ko ngā otinga pea ko te whakakotahi i ngā kāwai me te whai whakaaro, te whakamahi i ngā tauira whakarōpū, te kohikohi raraunga tāpiri rānei kia kore ai ngā rōpū tokoiti e "ngaro" i roto i te katoa.
Ngā Tikanga Matatika Raraunga me te Mōrearea o te Whakamāoritanga Hē
He mea tairongo ngā raraunga ira tangata. He mea nui te tiaki i te tuakiri me te tūmataitinga, inā koa mō ngā rōpū ngoikore, mō ngā hapori iti rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakamahi hē i ngā tatauranga hei whakakaha i ngā momo whakaaro tawhito. Hei tauira, ko te kitenga he nui ake ngā wāhine i roto i tētahi rāngai, ehara i te mea "ka whiriwhiria e ngā wāhine kia pērā"; tera pea he arai hanganga, he tikanga pāpori, he whakahāwea rānei.
Nō reira, me whai horopaki te whakamārama o ngā hua. Me pānui ngā tatauranga i te taha o ngā ariā pāpori, ngā rangahau kounga, me ngā mātauranga ā-rohe. I roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata, he kōwhiringa kaha te huarahi tikanga whakauru: e whakaatu ana ngā raraunga tauanga i ngā tauira, ko ngā raraunga kounga ia e whakamārama ana i ngā tikanga me ngā wheako kei muri i aua tauira.
Te Katinga
He piriti ngā tatauranga i roto i ngā rangahau ira tangata i waenganui i ngā wheako pāpori me ngā taunakitanga ā-wheako ka taea te whakamātautau. Ka āwhina i te ine i te kore taurite, te aromatawai i te pānga o ngā kaupapa here, me te hura i ngā tauira kāore pea e kitea wawetia. Heoi, ehara ngā tatauranga i te taputapu koretake; ka awehia e te āhua o tā tātou tautuhi i te ira tangata, te whiriwhiri i ngā tohu, te hoahoa rangahau, me te whakamārama i ngā hua.
Ina whakamahia ma te āta whakaaro, ma te horopaki, ma te matatika hoki, ka taea e ngā tatauranga te whai mana nui hei whakatairanga i te ōritetanga o te ira tangata. Kāore ngā tau e whakakapi i ngā kōrero tangata, engari ka taea e rātou te whakanui ake i aua kōrero—e kitea ai, e taea ai te ine, ā, e uaua ake ai te wareware i ngā kore ōritetanga e kitea whānuitia ana.
