Ngā Tatauranga i roto i te Rangahau Kounga
He maha ngā wā ka māramahia te rangahau kounga hei huarahi e aro ana ki te tikanga, te wheako, te horopaki, me ngā tukanga pāpori. Nā tēnei, e whakaaro ana ētahi he koretake ngā tatauranga i roto i te rangahau kounga, he rerekē rānei ki te wairua kounga, e aro nui ana ki te hohonutanga i runga ake i ngā tau. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā tatauranga te whai wāhi nui ki te rangahau kounga—ehara i te mea hei "whakawhiti" i te kounga ki te rahinga, engari hei āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te whakarāpopoto i ngā raraunga, hei whakamārama i ngā tauira, hei whakapakari i ngā tautohetohe, me te whakanui ake i te māramatanga o te tātari.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga tika o ngā tatauranga i roto i te rangahau kounga, ngā momo tatauranga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, me ngā herenga me ngā tikanga matatika o tā rātou whakamahinga kia mau tonu ai ki ngā whāinga o te rangahau kounga.
1. Kia mārama ki te tūranga o ngā tatauranga i roto i te rangahau kounga
Ko te whāinga o te rangahau kounga he māramatanga hōhonu ake ki ngā āhuatanga o roto i ngā raraunga pēnei i ngā uiuinga, ngā kitenga, ngā tuhinga, ngā tuhipoka mara, ngā taonga ahurea rānei. Ko ngā raraunga kounga he kōrero, ehara i te tau. Heoi anō, he āwhina ngā tatauranga whakaahua ina tuhi waehere ngā kairangahau, ina whakarōpū kaupapa, ina tatau rānei i te auau o te putanga mai o ngā kāwai.
Kāore te whakamahinga o ngā tatauranga i roto i te rangahau kounga e hiahia ana kia whakamātau pakari ngā kairangahau i ngā whakapae pērā i te rangahau tauanga. Ko te arotahi ko te tautoko i te whakamaoritanga: te whakaatu i ngā au, ngā ōwehenga, ngā rerekētanga rānei e puta mai ana i ngā raraunga, me te pupuri tonu i ngā kōrero whakahua, te horopaki, me ngā whakamārama hei kaupapa matua o te kōrero.
2. Ngā tatauranga whakaahua: te momo tino noa
Ko ngā tatauranga e kitea nuitia ana i roto i te rangahau kounga ko ngā tatauranga whakaahua, hei tauira:
– Te tokomaha o ngā kaiuru i runga i ētahi āhuatanga (tau, mahi, roa o te mahi).
– Te auau o te putanga mai o ngā kaupapa, o ngā waehere rānei i roto i te tuhinga.
– Te ōrau o ngā kaiwhakautu i whakahua i tētahi take motuhake.
– Te tohatoha o ngā wāhi tirotiro, ngā momo tuhinga rānei i tātarihia.
He tauira māmā noa iho: i roto i tētahi rangahau kounga mō ngā wheako mahi mamao, ka kī pea tētahi kairangahau "o ngā kaiuru 20, 14 i whakamārama i te take o ngā rohe i waenga i te mahi me te oranga whaiaro"; kātahi ka whai ake te kairangahau me ngā kōrero me ngā whakamārama mō te take i matua ai taua take me te rerekētanga o te horopaki puta noa i ngā rōpū.
Mā ngā tatauranga whakaahua ka āwhina i ngā kaipānui ki te mārama ki te "mahere" o ngā raraunga: te whānui o te putanga mai o ngā kaupapa, ko ēhea ngā kaupapa e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana, me te mea he rerekētanga kei roto i ngā tauira puta noa i ngā kaiuru.
3. Te ine i ngā raraunga kounga: āhea e whai hua ai?
I roto i te tātaritanga kounga, ka whai hua te ine ine ina:
1. Whakanuia te māramatanga o te tātari
Ka kite ngā kaipānui kāore ngā kitenga i ahu mai i ētahi kōrero torutoru noa iho, engari i ahu mai i tētahi tauira ōrite tonu.
2. Whakatauritehia ngā rōpū i roto i te huarahi tūhura
Hei tauira, te whakatairite i ngā kaupapa i puta ake i roto i ngā uiuinga i waenga i ngā kaiako tauhou me ngā kaiako mātau. Ehara tēnei i te mea hei whakawhanui i ngā tatauranga, engari hei whakaputa i ngā pātai me ngā whakamārama matatini ake.
3. Tautoko i ngā tikanga whakauru
I roto i ngā hoahoa whakauru, ka taea te tukatuka i ngā raraunga kounga ki ngā kāwai, kātahi ka tātarihia pototia mā te whakamahi i ngā tau, i tētahi atu taha rānei, ka taea te whakahōhonu ake i ngā hua tauanga mā roto i ngā uiui.
Heoi, kaua te ine ine e whakakapi i te hohonutanga. He mea tino nui ngā kaupapa kāore i te tino kitea—hei tauira, ngā wheako whakahāwea e pā ana ki te hunga torutoru anake, engari he pānga nui.
4. Ngā tikanga tatauranga ka taea te whakamahi
Ahakoa kāore te rangahau kounga e aro ana ki te whakatau tatauranga, ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi tikanga māmā me te tūpato:
– Auautanga me te ōrau: tatauhia te putanga mai o ngā waehere, o ngā kaupapa rānei.
– He whakatauritenga māmā: hei tauira, ko te kaupapa "auautanga mahi" i kitea ake i roto i ngā kaiuru i mahi neke atu i te 10 hāora ia rā.
– Te toharite, te tau waenga rānei: mō ngā raraunga taupori, ngā āhuatanga rānei o te kaiuru he tau, pērā i te roa o te wheako.
– Te Whakaata: ngā tūtohi pae, ngā ripanga whakarāpopototanga, ngā mahere kaupapa rānei e whakaatu ana i te whakarāpopototanga o ngā tauira.
Mena ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ngā pūmanawa pēnei i a NVivo, ATLAS.ti, MAXQDA, tae noa ki ngā ripanga tātai, he tino āwhina te tatau auau waehere me ngā āhuatanga o te matihiko whakatairite kāwai. Heoi, me pānui ēnei tau hei "tohu tauira i roto i ngā raraunga kua tātarihia," kaua hei taunakitanga tatauranga mō te taupori.
5. Ngā tatauranga me te tātari ihirangi
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga "e pai ana ki ngā tatauranga" o ngā huarahi aromatawai ko te tātari ihirangi, inā koa he āhuatanga aromatawai-tau. Ka taea e ngā kairangahau te waehere i ngā tuhinga (hei tauira, ngā pūrongo, ngā pou pāpāho pāpori, ngā kaupapa here ā-whare) kātahi ka tatau i te auau o te putanga mai o ētahi kāwai.
Hei tauira: he rangahau mō ngā kapinga hauora hinengaro i roto i ngā pāpāho ipurangi. Tērā pea ka tautuhia e ngā kairangahau ngā kāwai pēnei i te "stigma," "tautoko ngaio," "ngā kōrero whakaora," "whakamiharo rānei." Whai muri i te tuhi waehere, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakaatu i te ōwehenga o ngā kāwai mō ia reo, mō ia wā rānei. Whai muri i tēnā, me whakarato tonu e ngā kairangahau he pānui hōhonu o te reo, te whakatakoto whakaaro, me te horopaki pāpori-tōrangapū kei raro.
6. Te pupuri i te kounga rangahau: te pono me te whai mana o te putanga kounga
I roto i te rangahau kounga, he maha ngā wā ka kōrerohia te kounga mā roto i ngā ariā pēnei i te pono, te whakawhiti, te pono, me te whakaū. Ka taea e ngā tatauranga te āwhina i ētahi āhuatanga, inā koa te tukanga waehere:
– Whakaaetanga i waenga i ngā kaikōtui
Mena he nui atu i te kotahi kairangahau e tohu ana i ngā raraunga, ka taea e ngā tatauranga whakaae (hei tauira, te whakaae ōrau, te tauwehenga motuhake rānei) te tohu i te ōritetanga. He mea whai hua tēnei, inā koa i roto i te tātari ihirangi, i te rangahau tīma rānei.
Heoi, me tūpato ngā kairangahau: ehara i te mea ko te whakaae nui e tohu ana i te whakamaoritanga "tika". He tohu noa iho i te ōritetanga o te whakamahinga o ngā whakamāramatanga waehere. Nō reira, he mea nui tonu ngā kōrero a ngā kaiwhakamaori, ngā ara arotake, me te whakaaroaro.
7. Ngā herenga me ngā mōrearea o te whakamahi i ngā tatauranga
He maha ngā mōrearea mēnā ka whakamahia ngā tatauranga me te kore e whai whakaaro ki ngā tikanga:
1. Whakaitinga
He nui ngā horopaki o ngā raraunga kounga; ki te nui rawa te arotahi ki ngā tau, ka ngaro pea ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ngā taupatupatu, me ngā hihiri.
2. Te mānukanuka o te whakawhanuitanga
Ahakoa he nui te auau o te whakamahi i roto i tētahi tauira iti, ehara i te mea ka pā ki te taupori whānui. Kāore te rangahau kounga i te nuinga o te wā i hangaia mō te whakawhanuitanga tatauranga.
3. Te wareware i ngā kaupapa iti engari he whai tikanga
Ko ngā kaupapa kāore i te tino puta ake e tohu ana i ngā wheako o ngā rōpū whakaraerae, i ngā pakanga huna, i ngā āhuatanga rānei e uaua ana ki te hura.
4. He hē te whakamāoritanga a te kaipānui
Ka taea e ngā kaipānui te whakamāori i ngā tau hei ine i te tino pono. Nō reira, me whakamārama e ngā kairangahau he whakarāpopototanga noa iho ngā tau i ngā tauira o ngā raraunga e tātarihia ana.
8. Mahi pai: te whakauru i ngā tau me te kōrero
Kia hono ai ngā tatauranga ki te rangahau kounga, ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga pai:
– Whakamāramahia te kaupapa o te whakamahi i ngā tau: ahakoa mō te mahere kaupapa, te whakatairite tūhura, te māramatanga rānei.
– Whakaurua te tukanga waehere: ngā whakamāramatanga waehere, ngā tauira kōrero, me ngā mahi tātari.
– Whakamahia ngā tau kia ōrite: he pai ngā ripanga poto, engari ko te whakamārama kōrero te kaupapa matua.
– Kia mau tonu te horopaki: kei muri tonu i ngā tau ngā whakamārama mō te "he aha" me te "pēhea".
– Whakaurua ngā kīanga e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira me ngā momo rerekētanga: kaua ko ngā kīanga "whakamere" anake, engari ko ngā kīanga e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira me ngā momo rerekētanga.
Whakamutunga
Ehara ngā tatauranga i roto i te rangahau kounga i te hoariri, engari he taputapu tautoko hei whakarei ake i te tātari ina whakamahia tika. Mā roto i ngā tatauranga whakaahua, te ine māmā, me te whakaahua, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakarāpopoto mārama i ngā raraunga me te whakanui ake i te mārama o ngā kitenga. Heoi, kei te noho tonu te rangahau kounga ki te tikanga, te horopaki, me te whakamārama hohonu. Nō reira, me whakaaro ngā tau hei tāpiritanga—hei āwhina i te whakamārama i ngā tauira me te kore e whakaiti i ngā reo o ngā kaiuru me te uaua o ngā āhuatanga pāpori e akohia ana.
Ina whakamahia paitia, ka taea e ngā tatauranga te noho hei piriti: te hono i te mana kōrero o te rangahau kounga ki tētahi huarahi pūnaha ake, mārama ake, me te kawenga ake mō te whakaatu i ngā kitenga.
