Ngā Tatauranga i roto i te Pūtaiao Taiao
Ka ako te pūtaiao taiao i ngā whanaungatanga matatini i waenga i ngā wāhanga koiora (ngā mea ora) me ngā wāhanga kore koiora (wai, hau, oneone, āhuarangi), tae atu ki te pānga o ngā mahi a te tangata ki te taurite taiao. Ko te tikanga o tēnei uauatanga he rerekē, he nui, ā, he maha ngā wā kāore i te tino tika ngā raraunga taiao—hei tauira, te ngaronga o ngā raraunga nā te ngoikore o ngā taputapu, ngā rerekētanga kaha o ngā wā, ngā rerekētanga rānei o ngā āhuatanga whenua. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā tatauranga: ka āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao taiao ki te huri i ngā raraunga mata ki ngā mōhiohio whai tikanga, ka whakamātautau i ngā whakapae , ā, ka tautoko i te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga mō te tiaki taiao me te kaupapa here tūmatanui.
Te Tūranga o ngā Tatauranga: mai i ngā Raraunga ki ngā Whakataunga
Ehara i te mea ko te tatau noa i ngā toharite, i te hanga kauwhata rānei ngā tatauranga i roto i te pūtaiao taiao. Ka whakaratohia he anga mō te hoahoa i te kohikohi raraunga, te aromatawai i te koretake, te whakatauira i ngā tukanga taiao, me te whakatakoto matapae. Hei tauira, ina hiahia te kāwanatanga ki te aromatawai mēnā ka pai ake te kounga o te hau i muri i te whakatinanatanga o tētahi kaupapa here here-whakaiti tukunga, ka āwhina ngā tatauranga ki te wehewehe i ngā huringa i puta mai i te kaupapa here mai i ngā huringa taiao i puta mai i ngā wā, i ngā hau, i ngā au roa rānei.
E whakanui ana hoki ngā tatauranga i te ariā o te koretake. I roto i ngā horopaki taiao, tata tonu te noho o te koretake nā te mea he uaua ki te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha taiao, pērā i roto i te taiwhanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tatauranga, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakaatu i ngā hua me te taumata māia, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā wā māia, i ngā tūponotanga motuhake rānei, kia taea ai te whakatau mārama ake, me te whai kawenga hoki.
Ngā Momo Raraunga Taiao me ō rātou Wero
He maha ngā momo raraunga taiao:
1. Raraunga ā-wāhi: ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te tauwāhi, pērā i te tohatoha o te uhi ngahere, ngā mahere parahanga oneone, ngā kukū parahanga rānei i ngā wāhi rerekē o te awa.
2. Raraunga wā: raraunga raupapa wā, pērā i te pāmahana o ia rā mō ngā tau 30, te ua o ia marama, ngā taumata PM2.5 ia hāora rānei.
3. Ngā raraunga koiora: hei tauira, te maha o ngā momo, te nui o te plankton, te taupū kanorau, te tere oranga rānei o tētahi taupori.
4. Ngā raraunga matū me ngā raraunga ā-tinana: te pH o te wai, ngā taumata hauota, te DO (hāora rewa), te tote, ngā konganuku taumaha rānei.
5. Raraunga pūoko mamao: ngā whakaahua amiorangi e whakaputa ana i ngā raraunga tino nui, tino taumira hoki.
Ko ngā wero matua ko te rerekētanga (te rerekētanga o ngā raraunga mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi wāhi), te hononga-ā-roto (he rite tonu ngā uara tata), ngā raraunga tino kino (ngā waipuke, ngā ahi, ngā ngaru wera), me te kore-pūmau (ka rerekē ngā tauira tatauranga i roto i te wā nā te huringa āhuarangi, nā te whakamahinga whenua rānei). Ki te kore he huarahi tatauranga tika, ka taea te tātari te whakapae, te whakapohehe rānei.
Hoahoa Tauira: He Tūāpapa Kaha mō te Tātari
I mua i te tātari, ko te taahiraa tino nui ko te hoahoa tauira. I roto i te taiao, kāore e taea te ine i ngā pūwāhi katoa o te ngahere, awa, āhuarangi rānei. Nō reira, me whakaatu te tauira i ngā āhuatanga tūturu.
Ko ētahi rautaki noa ko:
– Te tauira matapōkere māmā: ka tīpakohia matapōkeretia ngā pūwāhi tirotiro.
– Te whakatauira i te paparanga: ka wehea te rohe ki ngā paparanga (hei tauira, te whakarunga–waenga–raro o te awa, ngā tāone nui–tāone iti–tuawhenua rānei), kātahi ka tangohia he tauira mai i ia paparanga.
– Te tauira pūnaha: ka tangohia ngā inenga i ngā wā kua whakaritea, hei tauira, ia 1 km i te taha o te whakawhiti.
– Aroturukitanga mō te wā roa: ngā tirotirotanga auau i te wāhi kotahi hei tiro i ngā au.
Mā ngā tatauranga ka taea te whakatau i ngā rahi tauira tino pai, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakarite kia taea te whakawhanui i ngā hua. He uaua te whakatika i ngā hapa hoahoa i te wā tātari.
Tatauranga Whakaahuatanga : Te Mārama ki ngā Tauira Taketake
Ko ngā mahi tuatahi o te tātari he whakauru i ngā tatauranga whakaahua : te toharite, te tau waenga, te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga, ngā ōrau, me ngā whakaaturanga pēnei i ngā histogram, ngā pouaka kauwhata, ngā mahere kaupapa, me ngā mahere wera. Ka āwhina ngā tatauranga whakaahua ki te tautuhi i ngā tauira o te wā, ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā wāhi, me te aroaro o ngā mea o waho, e tohu ana i ngā huihuinga tino nui, i ngā hapa ine rānei.
Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi rangahau kounga wai, ka whakaatu pea tētahi kauwhata pouaka ka piki ake ngā taumata phosphate i te wā ua nā te rerenga wai ahuwhenua. I roto i tētahi rangahau mō te pāmahana o te tāone, ka whakaatu pea tētahi mapi kaupapa i te pānga o te moutere wera o te tāone i waenganui o te tāone ki ngā taha o waho.
Whakatau Tatauranga: Te Whakamātautau i ngā Whakapae mā te Whāinga
Mā te whakatau tatauranga ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i: "He nui ake ngā kukū parahanga i roto i te Awa A i tō te Awa B?" "Ka piki ake rānei te kanorau koiora i roto i te whakaora mangrove?"
Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Whakamātautau-T, Mann-Whitney rānei hei whakatairite i ngā rōpū e rua.
– ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis rānei hei whakatairite i ngā rōpū neke atu i te rua.
– Whakamātautau Chi-square mō ngā kāwai, hei tauira, ko te ōrau o ngā wāhi e hipa ana i te paerewa kounga.
– Te wā whakawhirinaki hei whakarato i te whānuitanga o ngā uara ka taea.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka takahia e ngā raraunga taiao ngā whakapae tawhito pērā i te āhua noa me te tū motuhake. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ngā panonitanga raraunga, ngā tikanga kore-taurangi, ngā huarahi tauira anō rānei pērā i te bootstrapping.
Te Whakamuri me te Whakatauira: Te Whakamārama i ngā Hononga me te Hanga Matapae
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a ngā tatauranga ko te whakatauira. Mā te whakatauira, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te ako i te whanaungatanga i waenga i tētahi taurangi urupare (hei tauira, ngā taumata poke) me ngā matapae (te ua, te whakamahinga whenua, te tawhiti mai i te ahumahi, te tere o te hau).
Ngā tauira o ngā tikanga noa:
– Te whakatauira rārangi mō ngā whanaungatanga māmā.
– Te whakatauira maha mō ngā āhuatanga maha i te wā kotahi.
– Ngā Tauira Rārangi Whānui (GLM) mō ngā raraunga tatau (Poisson) me te ōwehenga (binomial).
– Ngā Tauira Tāpiri Whānui (GAM) mō ngā whanaungatanga kore-raina ngāwari.
– Ngā tauira pānga-whakaranu mō ngā raraunga tāruarua, ngā raraunga whakarōpū rānei (hei tauira, ngā inenga i ngā teihana maha i roto i ngā tau maha).
I roto i te huringa āhuarangi, ka āwhina ngā tauira tatauranga ki te hono i te pikinga o te pāmahana ki te auau o ngā ngaru wera. I roto i te rauropi, ka taea e ngā GLM te matapae i te nui o ngā momo i runga i te pāmahana, te tipu, me te waatea o te wai.
Te Tātari Raupapa Wā me ngā Auahatanga Taiao
He maha ngā āhuatanga taiao e rerekē ana i roto i te wā. Ka whakamahia te tātari raupapa wā hei kite i ngā au, ngā tauira o te wā, me ngā huihuinga rerekē. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te wehewehenga o te wā, te ARIMA, ngā tauira ā-āhua-ā-wāhi rānei hei wehe i ngā tohu roa mai i ngā huringa o te wā.
Hei tauira, kāore e taea te mārama ki te pikinga ake o ngā kukū CO₂ o te ao mā te whakamahi noa i ngā raraunga o ia rā nā te mea he kaha te huringa o ngā wā. Mā ngā tatauranga ka taea te wehewehe i ngā ia o te wā roa me te ine i te tere o te huringa.
Ngā Tatauranga Ā-Wāhi me ngā Tatauranga Whenua: Te Tukatuka i ngā Raraunga e Hangai ana ki te Tauwāhi
Nā te mea he nui te awe o te wāhi ki te taiao, he mea nui ngā tatauranga ā-wāhi. He maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā raraunga tata, ā, ka kore e taea te whakaaro motuhake. Kei roto i ngā tatauranga ā-whenua ngā tikanga pēnei i:
– Kriging hei whakauru i ngā uara ki ngā wāhi kāore i inehia.
– He tauira o te hanganga hononga ā-wāhi.
– Te hononga ā-motuhake (Moran's I) hei aromatawai i te whakarōpūtanga tauira.
Ko ētahi o ngā mahi whaihua ko te whakatau tata i te horapa o ngā konganuku taumaha i roto i te oneone mai i tētahi torutoru o ngā tauira, kātahi ka waihanga i tētahi mahere mōrearea hei whakatau i ngā wāhi matua hei whakaora.
Aromatawai Mōrearea, Paepae, me te Pānga
He mea nui anō hoki ngā tatauranga i roto i te aromatawai mōrearea me te tātari pānga taiao. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakatau tata i te tūponotanga o te waipuke nui mā te whakamahi i te ariā uara nui. Ka āwhina tēnei tātari ki te hoahoa i ngā awaawa, te whakatau i ngā paerewa rerenga wai, te tautuhi rānei i ngā rohe e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga kino.
I te whakatau i ngā paerewa kounga, ka whakamahia ngā tatauranga hei tatau i te auau o te hipa i ngā paerewa, me te whakatau mēnā kua poke te wai. Ka hua ake he kaupapa here tika ake nā te mea e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, ehara i te whakapae.
Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Raraunga Hou me te Ako Mīhini
Nā te whanaketanga o ngā pūoko iti te utu, te IoT, me ngā whakaahua amiorangi kua puta ai ngā "raraunga nui" mō te taiao. Ka mahi tahi ngā tatauranga hou me te ako mīhini mō te whakarōpūtanga o te uhi whenua, te matapae i te ahi ngahere, me te kimi parahanga. Ahakoa rā, he mea nui tonu ngā mātāpono tatauranga: te whakamana whakawhiti, te whakahaere whakaaro pāhekoheko, te whakamārama tauira, me te pūrongo i te koretake.
Ki te kore e mārama ki ngā tatauranga, ka taea e ngā tauira e kitea ana he tino tika te tinihanga, hei tauira, nā te mea kāore ngā raraunga whakangungu me ngā raraunga whakamātautau e motuhake ana i te wāhi, nā te mea rānei kei te puta ngā huringa o ngā tauira āhuarangi ka rahua te tauira ā muri ake nei.
Te Katinga
He reo tauanga te tatauranga e āhei ai te pūtaiao taiao ki te whakamārama, ki te whakamātautau, me te matapae i ngā āhuatanga taiao i roto i te huarahi ine. Mai i te hoahoa tauira, te tātari whakaahua, te whakamātautau whakapae, te whakatauira whakatauira, te raupapa wā, ki te tātari ā-wāhi—he āwhina katoa ēnei ki te whakamārama i ngā raraunga taiao uaua me te koretake. I tēnei wā o te raruraru āhuarangi, te whakahekenga o te nohonga, me te pikinga o te pēhanga ki ngā rauemi taiao, ko te whakamahinga tika o ngā tatauranga te mea nui ki te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa here me ngā mahi tiaki taiao whai hua, mārama, me te ahu mai i ngā taunakitanga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga mātauranga me ngā tohutoro, te tāpiri i ngā tauira ako take (hei tauira, te kounga wai awa, te parahanga hau o te tāone, te whakangaromanga ngahere rānei), te tāpiri rānei i ngā tātai me ngā mahi tātari mā te whakamahi i te R/Python.
