He aha te Tātari Ara i roto i ngā Tatauranga
Ko te tātari ara he tikanga tatauranga e whakamahia ana hei mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga take i waenga i ētahi taurangi i roto i tētahi huarahi hanganga. E whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā rangahau pāpori, te mātauranga, te hinengaro, te hauora tūmatanui, te ōhanga, me ētahi atu mara e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga uaua—ina pāngia ai tētahi taurangi e tētahi āhuatanga anake, engari e ētahi āhuatanga i te wā kotahi, e rua, e rua, e rua, e rua, e rua, e rua rānei.
He rerekē tēnei i te tātari whakatauira māmā, e tirotiro ana i te pānga o tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā taurangi motuhake ki tētahi taurangi whakawhirinaki kotahi, ka taea e te tātari ara te mahere i tētahi raupapa o ngā whanaungatanga e pā ana. Arā, ka āwhina te tātari ara ki te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i: "E hia te awe tika a X ki a Y?" me "E hia te awe a X ki a Y mā te taurangi takawaenga Z, ā, e hia te awe ā-kore?"
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Ngā ariā taketake o te tātari ara
Ko te tātari ara he toronga atu i te whakatauira rārangi maha. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei tikanga he hanga i tētahi tauira take e whakaahua ana i te ahunga o te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi, kātahi ka whakamātautau mēnā e tautokona ana taua tauira e ngā raraunga.
I roto i ngā tauira tātari ara, ka wehea ngā taurangi ki:
1. Ngā taurangi ā-waho
He taurangi "take" kāore e whakamāramahia e ētahi atu taurangi i roto i te tauira. Ko tēnei taurangi te tīmatanga o te rere o te whanaungatanga.
2. Ngā taurangi taketake
He taurangi e awehia ana e ētahi atu taurangi o te tauira. Ko ngā taurangi taketake he putanga, he taurangi takawaenga rānei.
3. Taurangi takawaenga (takawaenga)
He taurangi e takawaenga ana i te awe o ngā taurangi o waho ki ngā taurangi o roto. Ka whakamārama te takawaenga i te āhua, i te ara rānei e puta ai te awe.
4. Hapa/toenga (hapa)
Ko te wāhanga o te rerekētanga o tētahi taurangi taketake kāore e whakamāramahia e ētahi atu taurangi o te tauira. I roto i ngā hoahoa ara, ko ngā toenga ka whakaaturia hei pere e tohu ana ki te taurangi taketake mai i te "hapa".
Ko ngā tauira tātari ara ka whakaatuhia mā roto i ngā hoahoa ara, mā te whakamahi i ngā pere kotahi-ara (→) hei tohu i ngā awe take e whakaarohia ana.
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Ngā awe tika me ngā awe ā-kore
Ko te painga matua o te tātari ara ko tōna kaha ki te wehewehe i ngā awe ki ētahi wāhanga:
– Pānga tika:
Te pānga o X ki a Y me te kore e pā ki ētahi atu taurangi.
– Pānga ā-kore:
Ko te awe o X ki a Y e puta ana mā roto i tētahi takawaenga, hei tauira X → Z → Y.
– Te pānga katoa:
Te tapeke o ngā awe tika me ngā awe ā-kore.
Tauira māmā:
Hei tauira, ko te whāinga o te rangahau mātauranga he tirotiro i te pānga o te hihiri ako (X) ki te whakatutukitanga (Y), me te whakahaere i te ako (Z) hei takawaenga. Tērā pea ka piki ake te whakatutukitanga i te hihiri, engari ka piki ake anō hoki te whakatutukitanga i te whakahaere i te ako, ā, i te mutunga ka piki ake te whakatutukitanga. Mā te tātari ara ka āwhina i te ine i ngā mea e rua.
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He aha te hiranga o te tātaritanga ara?
I roto i ngā rangahau maha, kāore i te tino māmā te hononga i waenga i ngā taurangi. Hei tauira:
– Ka pāngia te kounga o te whakaako e ngā kaupapa here o te kura (X) (Z), ā, ka pāngia hoki ngā putanga ako a ngā ākonga (Y).
– Ka pā te mana pāpori ōhanga (X) ki te urunga ki te kai totika (Z), ā, ka pā anō hoki ki te hauora (Y).
– Ka pā te pai o te mahi (X) ki te whakapau kaha o te whakahaere (Z) ā, i te mutunga ka pā te pai o te mahi (Y).
Mena kotahi anake te whakatauira e whakamahia ana e ngā kairangahau (hei tauira, X → Y), ka taea e ngā hua te whakangawari rawa i te tukanga tuturu. Mā te tātari ara ka puta he pikitia pono ake mō te tikanga whanaungatanga.
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Ngā whakapae i roto i te tātari ara
Ahakoa he kaha te tātari ara, he whakaaro anō kei roto me whai whakaaro ki:
1. Ka whakatauhia te ahunga take e te ariā
Kāore te tātari ara e "kitea" aunoa te take me te pānga. Ko te ahunga o te pere ka whakatauhia e te pūtake ariā, te arorau, te hoahoa rangahau rānei.
2. Ngā whanaungatanga rārangi me ngā whanaungatanga tāpiri
Ko te tikanga whānui he hononga rārangi te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi, ā, he tāpiripiri ō rātou pānga, ki te kore e hangaia te tauira kia uaua ake.
3. Kāore he hapa whakatakotoranga tauira
Ki te kore e whakaurua ngā whanaungatanga nui, ki te hē rānei te ahunga o te whanaungatanga, ka pā kino pea ngā hua.
4. Te āhua noa me te motuhake o ngā toenga (i runga i te huarahi)
He maha ngā tukanga whakatau tata e whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi whakapae mō te tohatoha o ngā toenga.
5. E kiia ana ngā inenga taurangi kāore he hapa (i roto i te tātari ara matarohia)
He mea nui tēnei: ko te tātari ara tuku iho ka whakamahi i ngā taurangi i ine tika (ngā taurangi i kitea). Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te whakauru i ngā hanganga huna (hei tauira, te "mākona" i inehia e ngā tohu maha), ko te SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) te mea e whakamahia ana.
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Ngā taahiraa hei mahi i te tātaritanga ara
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tukanga kei roto:
1. Hangaia he tauira i runga i te ariā
Whakatauhia ko ēhea ngā taurangi e awe ana i ētahi atu taurangi, ko ēhea he takawaenga, ko ēhea hoki he putanga.
2. Waihangahia he hoahoa ara
Whakaarohia te whanaungatanga ki ngā pere, ka whakatau i ngā toenga mō ngā taurangi taketake.
3. Te whakahiato i ngā whārite hanganga (whakamuri)
He whārite whakatauira anō tō ia taurangi taketake. Hei tauira:
– Z = b1X + e1
– Y = b2X + b3Z + e2
4. Te whakatau tata i ngā taunga ara
Ko ngā taunga ara he taunga whakatautau paerewa (beta), kia taea ai te whakarite puta noa i ngā ara.
5. Tātaihia te pānga tika, te pānga ā-kore, me te pānga katoa
– Pānga tika: tauwehenga ara tika (hei tauira, X → Y = b2)
– Pānga ā-kore: te whakareatanga ara (hei tauira, X → Z × Z → Y = b1 × b3)
– Te pānga katoa: b2 + (b1 × b3)
6. Te whakamātautau i te pai o te tauira (kāore he whiringa, kei te tikanga)
I roto i te huarahi tata atu ki te SEM, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau taunga tauira. I roto i te huarahi whakatauira taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa, ko te arotahi he maha tonu ki te hiranga o ngā tauwehenga me te R².
7. Te whakamaoritanga me te pūrongo
Whakamāramahia ko ēhea ngā ara whai tikanga, te hiranga o ō rātou awe, me ō rātou pānga ki te ariā me te mahi.
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Te tātari ara me te SEM: he aha te rerekētanga?
He maha ngā wā ka kiia te tātari ara he "wāhanga" o te SEM. Ko ngā rerekētanga whānui ko:
– Te tātaritanga ara:
Mā te whakamahi i ngā taurangi kua tirohia, he rite ki te pūnaha whakatautaurite e hono tahi ana. He pai ina taea te ine tika i ngā taurangi katoa.
– SEM (Te Whakatauira Whārite Hanganga):
Whānui ake; ka uru atu pea ngā taurangi huna, ngā tauira ine (CFA), me te aromatawai whānui ake i te taunga tauira.
Mena he ariā whānui kei roto i tāu rangahau, i inehia mā roto i ngā tohu maha (hei tauira, ka inehia te "kounga ratonga" mā te pātai e 5 ngā tūemi), he pai ake te whakamahi i te SEM.
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He tauira o te whakamārama māmā
Hei tauira, ka homai e ngā hua whakatau tata ngā tauwehenga paerewa:
– X → Z = 0,50
– Z → Y = 0,40
– X → Y = 0,20
Nā reira:
– Te pānga tika o X ki a Y = 0,20
– Te pānga ā-kore o X ki a Y ki a Z = 0,50 × 0,40 = 0,20
– Te pānga katoa o X ki a Y = 0,20 + 0,20 = 0,40
Whakamārama: ka awe tika te hihiri (X) i te whakatutukitanga (Y) me te whakahaere hoki (Z), me te ōrite o ngā takoha mō ngā ara tika me ngā ara kore tika.
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Ngā painga me ngā herenga
Te taikaha:
– Te mahere pūnaha i ngā whanaungatanga uaua.
– Te wehewehe i ngā awe tika me ngā awe ā-kore (takawaenga).
– He nui ake ngā mōhiohio i te whakatauira takitahi mō ngā āhuatanga maha-paparanga.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Te whakawhirinaki nui rawa ki te ariā; mā ngā tauira hē ka puta ngā whakatau hē.
– Kāore e whakaatu aunoa i te hononga ā-ira me te kore he hoahoa rangahau tautoko (hei tauira, he whakamātautau, he rangahau roa rānei).
– Kāore te tātari ara matarohia e aro ki ngā hapa ine i roto i ngā taurangi.
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Te Katinga
He huarahi kaha te tātari ara i roto i ngā tatauranga ki te mārama ki te pānga o ngā taurangi tetahi ki tetahi i roto i tētahi pūnaha whanaungatanga, tae atu ki te mahere i ngā ara awe tika me ngā ara awe kore tika mā roto i ngā takawaenga. Mā tēnei tikanga ka āwhina ngā kairangahau ki te hanga whakamārama whai kiko atu i te whakatauira tuku iho, mena kei runga te tauira i te ariā tika me ngā raraunga e rawaka ana.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te āwhina: te waihanga i tētahi tauira hoahoa ara, te whakahiato i tētahi tauira e ai ki tō kaupapa rangahau, te tuhi rānei i tētahi wāhanga "tikanga tātari ara" mō tō tuhinga roa/tuhinga rangahau me ngā tātai me te āhua o te ripoata i ngā hua.
