Karuārai Matū – ngā raruraru me ngā otinga
1.
E ai ki te pikitia i runga ake nei, he aha te whakanui whānui? Ki te kī he kanohi noa, ko te pūwāhi tata (N) = 25 cm.
Mōhiotia:
Ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi (f o ) = 2 cm
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te arotahi arotahi (d o ) = 2.2 cm
Ko te pūwāhi tata o te kanohi noa (N) = 25 cm
Ko te roa o te arotahi o te karu arotahi (f e ) = 25 cm
E hiahiatia ana: Te whakanui whānui (M)
Rongoā:
Ki te mea ka hangaia te ahua whakamutunga e te karu tirohanga i te mutunga kore, ka whakangāwari te kanohi. Ki te mea kāore te ahua whakamutunga i te mutunga kore, kāore te kanohi i te whakangāwari.
E ai ki te ahua i runga ake nei, ko te tawhiti o te ahua mariko ka hangaia e te karu tirohanga i te mutunga kore. Ko te ahua whakamutunga i te mutunga kore kia marino ai te kanohi.
Tuatahi, tatauhia te tawhiti o te ahua mai i te karāhe arotahi (d o '). Ko te karāhe arotahi ko te karāhe arotahi, kia tatauhia ai te tawhiti o te ahua mā te whakamahi i te whārite o te karāhe arotahi.
He pai te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi.
1/d o ' = 1/f o – 1/d o = 1/2 – 1 / 2.2 = 11 / 22 – 10/22 = 1/22
d o ' = 22/1 = 22 henemita
Te whakanui whānui o te karuārai :
2.
E ai ki te pikitia i runga ake nei, he aha te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe karu o te karu hiko?
Rongoā:
He karāhe arotahi, he karāhe karu (kanohi) hoki kei roto i te karuārai. Ka whakamahia te karuārai hei tiro i ngā mea e tino tata ana. Ko te ahua i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi ko te ahua tūturu. Ka whakanuia te ahua e te karāhe karuārai hei ahua mariko tino nui.
Mōhiotia:
Ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi (f o ) = 1.8 cm (He pai te roa arotahi nā te mea ko te karāhe arotahi te karāhe arotahi e hūnuku ana)
Ko te roa arotahi o te karu arotahi (f e ) = 6 cm (He pai te roa arotahi nā te mea ko te karu arotahi te karu arotahi e hūnuku ana)
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te karāhe arotahi (d o ) = 2 cm (ko te tohu tāpiri e tohu ana he tūturu te ahua)
E hiahiatia ana: Te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe karu (te roa o te karu hiko = d)
Rongoā:
Te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua me te karu arotahi ( d o ') :
1/d o + 1/d o ' = 1/f o
1/t o ' = 1/t o – 1/t o
1/d o ' = 1 / 1.8 – 1/2 = 10/18 – 9/18 = 1/18
d o ' = 18 henemita
Ka hangaia te ahua tūturu e te karu arotahi kei te pūwāhi arotahi o te karu tirohanga, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia i runga ake nei.
Te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe kanohi:
l = d o ' + f e = 18 cm + 6 cm = 24 cm
3.
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te karāhe arotahi he 1.1 cm, ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi he 1 cm, ā, ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe kanohi he 5 cm. He aha te whakanui whānui o te karu hiko?
Mōhiotia:
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te arotahi arotahi (d o ) = 1.1 cm
Ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi (f o ) = 1 cm (He pai te roa arotahi nā te mea ko te karāhe arotahi te karāhe arotahi e hūnuku ana)
Ko te roa arotahi o te karu kanohi (f e ) = 5 cm (He pai te roa arotahi nā te mea ko te karu kanohi te karu e hūnuku ana)
E hiahiatia ana: Te whakanui whānui (M)
Rongoā:
Ko te whakanui whānui o te karu hiko ko te hua o te whakanui o te karu arotahi (m o ) whakareatia ki te whakanui koki (M e ) o te karu arotahi.
Te whakanui i te karu arotahi:
Ko te whārite o te whakanui rārangi o te karu arotahi (m ob ) :
m o = h o '/h o = d o '/d o = (l – f e )/d o
te wahi
h o ' = te teitei o te ahua i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi
h o = te teitei o te mea
d o ' = te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe arotahi
d o = te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te karu arotahi
f e = te roa arotahi o te karu tirohanga
l = te roa o te karuārai = te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā karāhe e rua = te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi (d o ' ) + te roa arotahi o te karāhe kanohi f e )
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe arotahi ( d o ') :
Tuatahi, tātaihia te tawhiti i waenga i te ahua tūturu me te arotahi arotahi:
1/d o + 1/d o ' = 1/f o
1/t o ' = 1/t o – 1/t o
1/d o ' = 1/1 – 1 / 1.1 = 11/11 – 10/11 = 1/11
d o ' = 11 henemita
Kei te pūwāhi arotahi o te kanohi te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karu arotahi, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia i runga ake nei.
Te whakanui i te karu arotahi:
m o = d o ' / d o = 11 henimita / 1.1 henimita = 10
Te whakanui i te karu o te kanohi:
Ki te mea kei te wātea te kanohi, ko te whakanui o te karu kanohi (M e ):
M e = N / f e
hea
N = te pūwāhi tata o te kanohi (25 cm)
f e = te roa arotahi o te karu tirohanga = 5 cm
Te whakanui koki o te karu kanohi (M e ) :
M e = N / f e = 25 cm / 5 cm = 5
Te whakanui whānui o te karuārai:
M = m o x M e = 10 x 5 = 50
4.
Te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe kanohi o te karu hiko.
Mōhiotia:
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te mea me te karu arotahi (d o ) = 2 cm
Ko te roa arotahi o te karāhe arotahi (f o ) = 1.8 cm
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu me te karu tirohanga (d e ) = 6 cm
Ko te roa o te arotahi o te karu tirohanga (f e ) = 6 cm
E hiahiatia ana: Te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe kanohi (te roa o te karuārai)
Rongoā:
Ki te wātea te kanohi, ko te ahua whakamutunga i hangaia e te karu tirohanga kei te mutunga kore. Ko te ahua whakamutunga kei te mutunga kore mena kei te pūwāhi arotahi o te karu tirohanga te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karu tirohanga.
Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe kanohi (l) = te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu i hangaia e te karāhe arotahi (d o ' ) + te roa arotahi o te karāhe kanohi (f e ).
Te tawhiti i waenganui i te ahua tūturu me te karu arotahi (d o '):
1/d o + 1/d o ' = 1/f o
1/t o ' = 1/t o – 1/t o
1/d o ' = 1 / 1.8 – 1/2
1/d o ' = 10/18 – 9/18 = 1/18
d o ' = 18 henemita
Te tawhiti i waenganui i te karāhe arotahi me te karāhe kanohi (te roa o te karuārai):
l = d o ' + f e
l = 18 henimita + 6 henimita
l = 24 henimita
- He aha te karuārai matū?
- whakahoki: He taputapu whatu te karu hiko whakakotahi e whakamahi ana i ngā karāhe maha hei whakanui i ngā mea ririki, kia taea ai e te kaimātakitaki te mātakitaki i ngā taipitopito iti rawa e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga.
- He aha te rerekētanga o te karuārai matatini i te karuārai matatini noa?
- whakahoki: Kotahi noa te karāhe arotahi e whakamahia ana e te karu hiko māmā hei whakanui (pēnei i te karāhe whakanui), ko te karu hiko whakakotahi ia e whakamahi ana i ngā huinga karāhe arotahi e rua – ko te karāhe arotahi e tata ana ki te tauira me te karāhe karu hei tirotiro mā te kaimātakitaki.
- He aha ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi karuārai matatini, ā, he aha ā rātou mahi?
- whakahoki: Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko:
- Ngā Arotahi Whāinga: He raupapa karāhe arotahi ēnei me ngā whakanui rerekē e whakanohoia ana ki te taha tata o te tauira.
- Karāhe Karu (Karu o te Kanohi): Koinei te karu e titiro atu ai te kaimātakitaki.
- Wāhanga: Te papa papatahi e whakatakotoranga ai te tauira.
- Pūtahuri: Ka arotahi te mārama ki te tauira.
- Kaiwhakamārama/Pūtake Mārama: Ka whakarato i te māramatanga hei tiro i te tauira.
- Ngā Poro Arotahi Matariki me ngā Poro Arotahi Matariki: Whakatikatikahia te arotahi.
- whakahoki: Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko:
- Me pēhea te whakatau i te whakanui katoa o tētahi karuārai matū?
- whakahoki: Ka whakatauhia te whakanui katoa mā te whakarea i te whakanui o te karu arotahi ki te whakanui o te karu tirohanga.
- He aha i whakamahia ai te hinu rumaki i ētahi wā me ngā karāhe arotahi mana-teitei?
- whakahoki: Ka whakamahia te hinu rumaki hei whakanui ake i te taumira o te karu hiko. He rite tonu te taupū whakaata ki te karāhe, e whakaiti ana i te marara o te mārama, ā, e āhei ai te nui ake o te mārama ki te tomo ki te karu arotahi.
- He aha te tikanga o te kupu "taumira" i roto i te karuārai?
- whakahoki: Ko te whakataunga e pā ana ki te kaha o te karu hiko ki te wehewehe mārama i ngā pūwāhi e rua e tino tata ana tetahi ki tetahi. Ka tautuhia te māramatanga me te taumata o ngā taipitopito ka taea te kite.
- He aha i whakamahia ai te tae i te wā e tirohia ana ngā tauira i raro i te karuārai matū?
- whakahoki: Ka whakarei ake te tae i te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tauira, kia mārama ake ai te kitea o ētahi hanganga, o ētahi wāhanga rānei i raro i te karuārai.
- He aha te pūnaha arotahi "parfocal" i roto i te karuārai matatini?
- whakahoki: Ko te tikanga o te pūnaha arotahi parfocal, ina arotahi tetahi arotahi whāinga, ka tata arotahi anō hoki ngā arotahi whāinga kē atu. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā arotahi whāinga me te kore e nui te arotahi anō.
- He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te karuārai mata kotahi me te karuārai mata rua?
- whakahoki: Kotahi te karu tirohanga o te karu miro kotahi-kanohi hei tirotiro, e rua ia ngā karu tirohanga o te karu miro rua-kanohi, ā, he pai ake te tirohanga me te kite hohonu.
- He aha i tika ai kia tino angiangi te tauira ina tirohia i raro i te karuārai matū?
- whakahoki: Mā te tauira angiangi ka nui ake te mārama e puta, ka mārama ake te ahua. Hei tāpiri, kāore pea ngā tauira matotoru e arotahi puta noa i tōna hohonutanga nā te iti o te hōhonutanga o te karu hiko.
