Te Ariā o te Whaiaro i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro Existentialist
Ko te oranga tonutanga, he kaupapa rapunga whakaaro i rongonui i te rautau 20, e aro nui ana ki te oranga takitahi, te herekoretanga, me te wheako whaiaro o te noho. Kei te ngako o te whakaaro oranga tonutanga ko te ariā o te tangata, he ariā maha-āhua me te hohonu e whakamārama ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te oranga tangata. Kua whai wāhi mai ngā tohunga whakaaro oranga tonutanga rongonui pērā i a Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, me Søren Kierkegaard ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te tangata, ia tangata e whakarato ana i tētahi whakamaoritanga ahurei e raranga ana i te whatu pono o te oranga tonutanga. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka rukuhia e mātou te ariā o te tangata i roto i te rapunga whakaaro oranga tonutanga, me te tirotiro i ōna āhuatanga, ōna whānuitanga, me ōna pānga.
Te Whakarihariha o te Nohoanga me te Whaiaro
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o te ao tūroa ko te ariā o te mea wairangi, i rongonuihia e ngā kaitātari pērā i a Albert Camus. Ko te mea wairangi e pā ana ki te pakanga ā-roto i waenganui i te hiahia o te tangata ki te kimi tikanga me te ao pōrearea, koretake e tuku ana i tētahi kaupapa ā-roto. I roto i tēnei taumahatanga, me whakatere te tangata i tētahi ao kāore he tikanga kua whakaritea i mua.
He nui te awe o te whakaaro o Camus mō te wairangi ki te tangata e hanga tikanga ana i roto i te ao koretake. Nō reira, ka noho te tangata hei kaiwhakahaere kaha i roto i te hanganga o tōna mauri. Hei tauira, ko te toa o Camus i roto i "The Stranger", e whakaatu ana i tēnei korekore me te momotu mai i ngā puna tikanga tuku iho, e whakaatu ana i te pakanga mata o te hanganga-ake.
Te Herekore, te Kawenga, me te Whaiaro
Nā Jean-Paul Sartre, tētahi atu tino tangata rongonui o te ao existentialism, i whakauru te ariā o "te oranga i mua i te mauri." E kī ana tēnei mātāpono kāore te tangata i whānau mai me tētahi kaupapa kua tautuhia i mua; engari, me hanga e rātou tō rātou mauri mā roto i ngā mahi. Ko te mea nui o te rapunga whakaaro a Sartre ko te herekoretanga tuturu me te kawenga e puta mai ana.
Ki tā Sartre tirohanga, he kaupapa whanake tonu te tangata. Nā te mea kāore he āhua kua tautuhia i mua, me whakatau e ia tangata tōna ake mauri mā roto i ngā kōwhiringa me ngā mahi, e whakaatu ana i te kawenga nui e herea ana ki te herekoretanga tuturu. He rua ngā taha o tēnei herekoretanga, ahakoa e homai ana he pūmanawa mutunga kore, ka utaina hoki te taumaha ki te waihanga tikanga me te ahunga i roto i te oranga o te tangata.
I roto i te kiriata "Nausea", e whakaatu ana a Roquentin, te kiripuaki a Sartre, i te manukanuka nui me te herekoretanga e haere tahi ana me tēnei mohiotanga. Ka kitea e Roquentin kāore he tikanga tūturu i roto i tōna oranga, ka akiaki i a ia ki te aro atu ki te herekore mutunga kore me te kawenga nui o te whakairo i tōna tuakiri mai i te korekore.
Te Pono me te Whaiaro
Ko te ariā o te pono te mea nui ki ngā whakaaro o te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūturu, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi a Martin Heidegger rāua ko Søren Kierkegaard. Ko te pono ko te awhi i te herekoretanga me te kawenga o te ao tūturu, me te hanga i tētahi oranga e pono ana ki ngā uara me ngā whakapono whaiaro, me te kore e aro ki ngā tikanga pāpori e whai ana.
Ko te ariā a Heidegger mō te "whakatata-ki-te-mate" e whakaatu ana i te āhua mutunga kore o te oranga me tōna awe nui ki a ia anō. Mā te mōhio ki te mate ka akiaki i te tangata ki te ora pono, ki te whiriwhiri i ngā mea e whakaata ana i ngā whakapono pono, kaua ki te tuku ki te "rātou-ake" rūpahu, he āhua e ora ai te tangata i runga i ngā tumanakohanga a te hapori.
Ko Kierkegaard, e whakanuia ana ko ia te matua o te ao tūroa, e whakamārama ana i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te whaiaro i roto i tana tūhuratanga i te ngakaukore me te whaiaro tūturu. E kī ana ia ko te korenga e noho hei whaiaro tūturu, mā te noho papaku, mā te karo rānei i te kawenga whaiaro, ka hua ake he ngakaukore o te ao tūroa. Ko te otinga a Kierkegaard kei roto i te "peke o te whakapono," he whakapau kaha ki te noho pono, me te whai wāhi hohonu ki te pono whaiaro o te tangata.
Te Whaiaro me te Āhuatanga Kē
He maha ngā wā ka tirohia e te rapunga whakaaro o te ao tūroa te whanaungatanga hihiri i waenga i te tangata me ētahi atu. Ko te kī rongonui a Sartre, "Ko te reinga ko ētahi atu tāngata," mai i te pukapuka "No Exit," e whakaatu ana i ngā uauatanga me ngā taumahatanga e pā ana ki ngā whanaungatanga takitahi. Ka taea e te noho mai o ētahi atu te whakawhāiti me te whakawhāiti i te herekoretanga o te tangata mā te mea e kiia nei e Sartre ko "te titiro," e whakaitihia ana te tangata hei taonga e kitea ana e tētahi atu.
Heoi anō, e mōhio ana hoki ngā tāngata whakapono ki te oranga tonutanga ki te hiranga o ngā whanaungatanga hei hanga i te tangata. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā taunekeneke ki ētahi atu te aukati i te herekoretanga, he mea nui anō hoki ēnei mō te hura i a ia anō me te whakamārama i a ia anō. Ko te taupatupatu i waenga i te whakaū i te herekoretanga takitahi me te whai wāhi pono ki ētahi atu he pakanga oranga tonutanga tonu.
Nietzsche me te Whaiaro
He hohonu te takoha a Friedrich Nietzsche ki te ariā o te ao tūroa, inā koa i roto i ana whakaaro mō te "Übermensch" me te "hiahia ki te mana". E kite ana a Nietzsche i te ao tūroa hei kaha hihiri e whiti tonu ana i ngā tikanga matatika me ngā here o te hapori.
Ko te "Übermensch," te "overman" rānei, e tohu ana i tētahi tangata kua hipa ake i ngā uara kua whakatakotoria o te hapori, e hanga ana i te tikanga whaiaro me ngā uara mā te kaha o te hiahia me te pūkenga auaha. Ko te whaiaro, i roto i te rapunga whakaaro a Nietzsche, he mahi toi kei te ahu whakamua, e whanake tonu ana, e whakamārama ana i te oranga.
Te raruraru o te ao tūroa
He āhuatanga taketake o te māramatanga o te hunga whakapono ki te ao tūroa te raruraru o te oranga tonutanga. Ka puta tēnei raruraru i te nuinga o te wā ina tūtaki te tangata ki te koretake, ki te koretake rānei o te oranga, ka arahi ki te pātai hohonu mō te kaupapa, ngā uara, me te tuakiri. He wā nui ēnei raruraru mō te ao tūroa, he maha ngā wā ka akiaki i te tipu nui me te panonitanga.
I roto i te wā raruraru o te oranga tonutanga, ka tūtaki te tangata ki te ao tūroa o te herekoretanga me te kawenga o te hanga i tōna ake mauri. I roto i tēnei raruraru ka kitea e te tangata te pūmanawa mō te oranga pono, ka akiaki i te tangata kia whakaaroaro hōhonu, kia whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa mohio, kia whakapau kaha ki tētahi ara tikanga kua tautuhia e ia anō.
Opaniraa
He anga whai rawa, he anga hihiri hoki te ariā o te whaiaro i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o te hunga whakapono ki te oranga o te tangata. Mā te tirotiro i te āhua kuware o te ao, ngā kawenga o te herekoretanga, te whai i te pono, ngā whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu, me te mana whakarerekē o ngā raruraru o te hunga whakapono ki te oranga, ka tukuna e te hunga whakapono ki te oranga he tirohanga hohonu ki te āhua o te tangata.
Ka werohia tātou e ngā kaimātai whakaaro e pā ana ki te ao tūroa kia tū atu ki te korekore, kia waihanga i tō tātou mauri mā roto i ngā kōwhiringa whai whakaaro, pono hoki. Ka tono mai rātou kia awhi tātou i tō tātou herekoretanga me tō tātou kawenga, kia whakatere i ngā taupatupatu i waenganui i te takitahi me te hapori, kia maia hoki ki te hanga i tētahi oranga whai tikanga i roto i tētahi ao koretake. I roto i tēnei haerenga o te waihanga-ā-tangata, ka whakaratohia e te rapunga whakaaro e pā ana ki te ao tūroa he māramatanga ārahi, e whakamārama ana i te ara uaua ki te kimi me te noho hei tangata tūturu.
