Derrida me te Ariā Wetehanga
Kupu Whakataki
Nā Jacques Derrida, tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro whai mana o te rautau 20, i whakauru te ariā o te "whakakorenga", he kupu kua horapa haere i roto i ngā mara maha pērā i te tuhituhi, te reo, te rapunga whakaaro, me ngā rangahau ahurea. Ko te whakakorenga he tirohanga arohaehae e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tuhinga me te tikanga. Ka werohia te ariā o ngā hanganga pumau me ngā whakamaoritanga whakamutunga, engari e tautoko ana i te takaro mutunga kore o ngā tikanga.
Ngā Pūtake o te Wetehanga
Ko te pūtake o te wetewete i roto i te kaupapa hanganga, i aro ki ngā hanganga o te ahurea tangata me te reo. I whakanuia e ngā tohunga hanganga pērā i a Ferdinand de Saussure te hiranga o ngā hanganga reo hei hanga i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao. Heoi, i whakahē a Derrida i te āhua o te hanganga ki te kī he pakari me te pumau i roto i ēnei hanganga. I whakaarohia e ia te wetewete hei huarahi ki te arotake me te whakakore i te pumau o ngā hanganga.
Ngā Mātāpono Matua o te Wetehanga
I tōna pūtake, ko te wetewete e ārahihia ana e ētahi mātāpono matua:
1. Te Kuputuhi: I whakapae a Derrida ka taea te pānui i ngā mea katoa hei tuhinga, mai i ngā tuhinga ki ngā mahi pāpori. I tēnei horopaki, ehara i te mea ko te "kuputuhi" he kōrero tuhituhi, he kōrero ā-waha rānei, engari e kapi ana i tētahi pūnaha tohu me ngā tohu.
2. Rerekētanga: Ko tētahi o ngā takoha matua a Derrida ko te ariā o te "différance," he takaro i ngā kupu Wīwī mō te "rerekētanga" me te "whakaroa." I whakamahia e ia tēnei kupu hei whakaatu i te whakaroa tonu o te tikanga i roto i te reo, ā, kāore i tino oti, i tino kitea rānei. E whakamārama ana te rerekētanga i te whakaaro ka whiwhi ngā kupu i ō rātou tikanga mā roto i ō rātou rerekētanga mai i ētahi atu kupu, ā, he rerekē tonu te tikanga.
3. Te Logocentrism me te Phonocentrism: I whakahē a Derrida i ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru mō tā rātou "logocentrism," e whakatairanga ana i te kōrero i runga ake i te tuhituhi hei momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tika ake, pono ake hoki. Ki tāna titiro, ka warewarehia e tēnei whakaaro ngā uauatanga me ngā āhuatanga ngaro o roto i ngā tuhinga tuhituhi me te kore pumau o te tikanga i roto i te reo.
4. Ngā Whakahē Rua: I tautohe a Derrida ko te whakaaro o te Hauāuru e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakahē rua, arā, ngā takirua ariā whakahē pērā i te pai/kino, te kōrero/te tuhituhi, me te aroaro/te ngaro. Ko te wetewete e whai ana ki te huri i ēnei ariā rua, e whakaatu ana me pēhea e kore ai e taea e ia kupu te noho me te kore ōna whakahē, me pēhea hoki kāore i te tino mārama pērā i te whakapono tuku iho.
5. Aporia: He maha ngā wā ka tae mai te wetewete i ngā wā o te aporia, arā, ngā āhua o te pararutiki kāore e taea te whakatau, te ruarua rānei. E whakaatu ana ēnei wā i ngā herenga me ngā taupatupatu ā-roto o ngā pūnaha whakaaro.
Ngā Mahi Matua a Derrida
Ko ētahi o ngā mahi nui a Derrida te tūāpapa mō te mārama ki ana ariā me ō rātou pānga.
1. "Of Grammatology" (1967): I roto i tēnei mahi whakahirahira, ka wero a Derrida i te kaupapa matua o te kōrero i runga ake i te tuhituhi, ā, ka tūhuratia hoki te whakaiti a ngā tuhinga tuhituhi i te whakaaro o te tikanga tonu.
2. "Writing and Difference" (1967): E whakamārama ana tēnei kohinga tuhinga i ngā ariā matua o te wetewete, e arotake ana i ngā momo mahi tuhituhi me te rapunga whakaaro.
3. “Ngā Taha o te Whakaaroaro” (1982): I konei, ka tātarihia e Derrida ngā rohe, ngā “taha” rānei o te whakaaro arorau, me te arotake i te pūtake o te pūtaiao matatika o te Hauāuru e aro nui ana ki te waitohu.
Te Wetewete me te Arotakenga Tuhituhi
He nui te awe o te wetewete i roto i te arotakenga tuhituhi, e akiaki ana i ngā tohunga ki te pānui anō i ngā tuhinga i roto i ngā huarahi e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o roto me ngā paparanga maha o te tikanga. Ko te whāinga o te arotake wetewete ko:
1. Whakaaturia te āhua o te hurihanga o ngā tuhinga i a rātou anō mā te whakaatu i ngā whakahē me ngā koretake.
2. Whakaaturia te kore pumau o te tikanga, kaua e noho noa ki ngā whakamāramatanga pumau.
3. Werohia ngā rohe tuku iho i waenga i te tuhinga me tōna horopaki, ngā tuhinga, me ngā arotake.
Hei tauira, ko tētahi tātari wetewete i te "Hamlet" a Shakespeare ka arotahi pea ki te āhua o te whakararuraru a ngā pānui maha o te tuhinga i te āhua ōrite o ngā kaupapa me ngā kiripuaki.
Te Wetehanga me te Whakatinanatanga i muri i te Hanganga
He maha ngā wā ka kitea te wetewete i te hanganga hei wāhanga matua o te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga, he kaupapa i puta ake hei tauhohenga ki te rapu a te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga mō ngā ture whānui. E whakanui ana ngā tohunga whai muri i te hanganga, tae atu ki a Derrida, i te rere o te tikanga me te āhua herekore o te wheako tangata. E kī ana rātou kāore ngā hanganga, ahakoa he reo, he ahurea, he pāpori rānei, e kore e pumau, engari ka taea te huri me te whakamaori anō.
Ngā Arotake me ngā Tautohenga
Ahakoa te nui o te awe o te wetewete a Derrida, he nui anō hoki ngā whakahē i pā ki a ia:
1. Te Pōuri me te Whakarāpopototanga: E kī ana ngā kairīti he pōuri rawa, he whakarāpopototanga hoki te reo me ngā ariā o te wetewete, ā, he uaua ki te whakamahi i roto i ngā mahi tūturu.
2. Te whanaungatanga-ā-ira: E whakapae ana ētahi ko te wetewete i arahi ki te whanaungatanga-ā-ira tino nui, arā, ko te whakaroa mutunga kore o te tikanga ka kore he tikanga o tētahi kōrero, o tētahi tuhinga rānei.
3. Ngā Pānga Matatika: Ko ētahi e pātai ana mō ngā pānga matatika o te wetewete, me te āwangawanga kei whakakore i te āheinga ki te whakatakoto i ngā herenga matatika, tōrangapū rānei.
Ahakoa ēnei whakahē, he tokomaha ngā tohunga e kī ana ko te kaha o te wetewete i te ao tūroa kei roto i tōna kaha ki te whakatuwhera i ngā huarahi hou mō te uiuinga me tōna ātete ki te whakangawari i ngā take uaua.
Te Wetehanga i te Ao o Nāianei
I ēnei rā, kei te awe tonu te wetewete i ngā momo mara rerekē, mai i te ture me te ariā tōrangapū ki te hoahoanga me ngā rangahau ahurea. Ko tana huarahi ki te mārama ki ngā tuhinga me ngā tikanga he wero i a tātou ki te whakaaro anō ki te pumau me te ōritetanga o ngā pūnaha rerekē. Ko te tohe a Derrida ki te āhua rere, hihiri o te whakamaoritanga e tono ana i ngā kaimātai whakaaro o nāianei kia noho mataara tonu ki ngā uauatanga me ngā koretake o roto i ngā momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te māramatanga katoa.
Opaniraa
Kua hurihia e Derrida me te wetewete te āhua o tā tātou huarahi ki ngā tuhinga, ki te tikanga, me te whakamārama. Mā te wero i ngā whakaaro tuku iho mō te reo me te whakaaro, i whakatuwherahia e Derrida he wāhi mō te pātai me te whakakore i ngā tikanga pumau me ngā whakahē rua. Ehara te wetewete i te mea mō te whakangaro i ngā hanganga engari mō te hura i ngā paparanga o te tikanga kei roto i a rātou, me te akiaki i a tātou kia kite i te āhua rere, hurihuri tonu o te māramatanga. Nō reira, he taputapu kaha tonu mō te tātari me te arotake i roto i tā tātou rapunga tonu ki te mārama ki te ao e karapoti nei i a tātou.
