Schopenhauer me te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Hiahia
Ko Arthur Schopenhauer, he tohunga whakaaro Tiamana o te rautau 19, e whakanuia ana mō tana tūhuratanga pōuri me te hohonu o te tātaritanga o te oranga tangata, te mamae, me te ariā i tino rongonuihia e ia—'Te Hiahia'. Ko tana rapunga whakaaro he piriti nui i waenga i te whakaaro pai Tiamana me te whakaaro ora, e pā ana ki ngā kaipūkenga o muri mai, ā, e awe ana i ngā momo kaupapa tae atu ki te hinengaro, te tuhituhi, tae noa ki te puoro. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer mō te Hiahia, ōna pānga, me tōna taonga tuku iho pumau.
Ngā Pūtake Hinengaro o Schopenhauer
I whānau mai i te tau 1788, i tīmata te haerenga whakaaro a Schopenhauer i raro i te marumaru o Immanuel Kant, nāna nei i pātai nui ki te āhua o te tirohanga me te mātauranga o te tangata. Ahakoa i kī a Kant kāore e taea te mōhio ki te "mea-i-roto" (Ding an sich), i whai a Schopenhauer ki te whiti i tēnei rohe. I awehia hoki ia e ngā tohunga whakaaro Kariki tawhito, ngā tuhinga whakaaro Īnia pērā i ngā Upanishads, me te mara e tipu haere ana o ngā pūtaiao empirical.
Ko te mahi toi nui a Schopenhauer, "Te Ao hei Hiahia me te Whakaaturanga" (1818), e whakaatu ana i tana kaupapa whakaaro kua pakeke. Ki a Schopenhauer, e rua ngā wāhanga o te ao e wehea ana. Tuatahi, ko te ao hei Whakaaturanga (Vorstellung), e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa e kitea ana e tātou mā roto i ō tātou taputapu rongo me te hinengaro. Tuarua, ā, he mea nui ake, ko te ao hei Hiahia (Wille), he kaha matapo, e kore e mutu, e koretake hoki e tautoko ana i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ao tūturu.
Te Ariā o te Hiahia
Kei te pūtake o te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer ko te ariā o te Hiahia, he kaha matatika e rite ana ki te kaha taraiwa taketake e horapa ana i te taiao katoa. He rerekē ki te ariā hinengaro me te mārama o te 'hiahia' i roto i te reo noa, ko te Hiahia a Schopenhauer he hihiri hohonu ake, he hihiri ā-hinengaro. He hiahia tere, kāore e taea te whakahaere e kitea ana i roto i ngā mea katoa, mai i ngā momo oranga māmā noa ki ngā wawata teitei o te tangata.
Kaua tēnei Hiahia e whakapoauautia ki ō tātou whakaaro mohio, ki ō tātou hiahia rānei. Ina hoki, i kite a Schopenhauer i ngā hiahia takitahi he whakaaturanga noa iho o te Hiahia nui ake. Hei tauira, ehara te hiahia moepuku i te hiahia takitahi anake engari he whakaaturanga o te hiahia o te momo kia mau tonu. Ka tohe tonu te Hiahia me te kore he whāinga tūturu, ka arahi tonu ki te hiahia nui ake, ā, nō reira, ki te mamae nui ake.
Te Mamae me te Āhua o te Tangata
Ko tētahi o ngā kereme tino nui o te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer ko te mamae te āhuatanga matua o te ao. I ahu mai tēnei whakapae i te āhua o te Hiahia, e hiahia tonu ana, ā, nā reira ka whiua te tangata ki tētahi huringa mutunga kore o te hiahia me te makona mō te wā poto. Ina tutuki te hiahia, ka puta mai tētahi atu - he tukanga tonu e whiua ai te tangata ki tētahi āhua o te kore makona tuturu.
Ki a Schopenhauer, ko ngā wā poto o te harikoa, o te koa rānei, he wā okiokinga noa iho i te ngaru mamae e kore e mutu. Nā tēnei tirohanga pōuri ka ārahi ia ki te tautohe ko te mea pai rawa atu ka taea e te tangata te tumanako ko te āhua o te mamae iti. E mōhio ana ia ka kitea he whakamarie i ngā wā kāore te hinengaro o te tangata e whakahaerehia ana e te Hiahia, pērā i te whakaaroaro ataahua, i ngā mahi aroha rānei.
Te Whakaaroaro Toi me te Ataahua
I roto i te mawhiti mai i te whakamamae mutunga kore o te Hiahia, ka tautuhia e Schopenhauer te toi me te wheako ataahua hei okiokinga nui. Ina uru atu te tangata ki te toi pono, ka hipa atu rātou i ō rātou hiahia whaiaro me te ngangau o te Hiahia. Ka taea e te toi te whakamutu i ngā tono a te Hiahia mō te wā poto, ka tukuna he tirohanga ki roto i tētahi momo mātauranga parakore, kore aro. I roto i tēnei āhua, ka taea e ngā kaimātakitaki te maioha ki te ataahua mōna ake, wehe atu i ngā hiahia whaiaro me ngā mamae.
I roto i ngā mahi toi, i tino whakanuia e Schopenhauer te puoro. I whakaaro ia he whakaaturanga tika tēnei o te Hiahia, e whakaatu ana i tōna mauri i tētahi atu momo toi. Kāore i rite ki ngā toi tirohanga, e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaturanga o te Hiahia, ka kōrero te puoro i roto i te reo o te Hiahia tonu, e whakarato ana i te haruru hohonu o te kare ā-roto me te kore he takawaenga o te ariā, o te āhua rānei.
Te Ahu Matatika: Te Whakaiti i te Wairua me te Aroha
I roto i ngā tikanga matatika, e rua ngā whakautu matua a Schopenhauer ki ngā tikanga o te oranga e whakahaua ana e te Hiahia: te noho pōuri me te aroha. Ko te noho pōuri ko te whakakore i te Hiahia-ki-te-Ora, he whakarerenga āta me te pūnaha i ngā hiahia me ngā here o te ao. Mā te whakaiti i ngā tono o te Hiahia, ka taea e te tangata te whakaiti i ō rātou mamae me te whakatutuki i tētahi momo whakaae marino. I kitea e Schopenhauer ngā whakaata o tēnei huarahi i roto i ngā whakapono o te Rawhiti pērā i te Buddhism me te Jainism, tae atu ki ngā tikanga mōneka o te Hauāuru.
Ko te aroha, i tētahi atu taha, ka puta mai i te mōhio ki te āhua o te mamae o te tangata. Ina mārama ngā tāngata takitahi ko ētahi atu he whakaaturanga anō hoki o te Hiahia kotahi, ka puta ake ngā whanonga matatika pono. Ko ngā mahi atawhai me te aroha he whakahē taketake ki te hiahia whaiaro e akiakihia ana e te Hiahia. Mā ngā mahi aroha ka whakanuia he kotahitanga hohonu ake e hipa ana i ngā hiahia takitahi, ka poipoi i te hononga e whakaiti ana i te mamae whānui o te oranga.
Te tuku iho me te Awe
He nui, he kanorau hoki te pānga o te rapunga whakaaro a Schopenhauer. I roto i te rapunga whakaaro, ka taea te kī ko ia te tauira o te existentialism, ā, i awe ia i ngā tāngata pēnei i a Friedrich Nietzsche, nāna i tango, i whakahē hoki i ngā whakaaro o Schopenhauer. Ko ōna whakaaro mō te mamae me te āhua rangitahi o te harikoa e tino pā ana ki ngā āwangawanga existentialist mō te pono, te herekore, me te tikanga.
I roto i te ao o te hinengaro, i whakaae a Sigmund Freud ki ngā māramatanga koi a Schopenhauer ki ngā āhuatanga koretake o te whanonga tangata, i whakaatu i ngā ariā hinengaro-tātari o te kore mohio. Ko te ariā a Schopenhauer e akiakihia ana te nuinga o ngā mahi a te tangata e ngā mana koretake e kitea ana i roto i ngā ariā a Freud mō ngā akiaki me te pehi.
Kua ahu mai hoki te hihiri o ngā kaitoi, ngā kaiwaiata, me ngā kaituhi i a Schopenhauer. I kitea e te kaitito waiata a Richard Wagner he hononga ki ngā tirohanga a Schopenhauer mō te puoro, ā, i whakauruhia ēnei ki roto i āna mahi opera. I whakautehia e ngā kaituhi pērā i a Thomas Mann rāua ko Marcel Proust ngā whakaaroaro hohonu a Schopenhauer mō te āhua o te tangata me te mamae.
Opaniraa
He takoha whakahihiri, wero hoki te rapunga whakaaro a Arthur Schopenhauer mō te Hiahia ki te whakaaro matatika. Ko tana arotahi tonu ki te āhua koretake, te mamae o te oranga, he rerekē rawa atu ki ngā tikanga o te Hauāuru e tino hihiri ana. Heoi, i roto i te mōhio ki te awe whānui o te Hiahia mutunga kore, ka whakatuwherahia e ia ngā ara ki te mārama ki te hohonutanga o te toi, te hiahia o te aroha, me te kaha ki te wehe marino. Nō reira, ko Schopenhauer te tangata matua i roto i te kaha tonu ki te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te oranga tangata.
