Toi me ngā Āhua Ataahua e ai ki te Rapunga Whakaaro
Ko te toi me te ataahua he ariā e rua e hono tahi ana, kua noho hei kaupapa matua mō ngā rangahau matatika mō ngā rautau. Kei te pūtake o ēnei rangahau ko ngā pātai ehara i te mea mō te toi anake, engari mō te āhua o tā tātou tirohanga me te aromatawai i te ataahua me ngā whakaaturanga toi. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā pūtake matatika o te toi me te ataahua, me te tūhura i ngā ariā me ngā tirohanga rerekē kua whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ēnei āhuatanga nui o te wheako tangata.
Nga Turanga o mua
Tuhinga o Mua
Ka taea te whai i te whakaaroaro matatika mō te toi me te ataahua i Kariki Tawhito. Ko Plato, tētahi o ngā tino tangata, he āhua ruarua tōna whakaaro mō te toi. I roto i āna kōrero, inā koa i roto i "The Republic," i whakapuaki ia i ōna āwangawanga kei tinihangatia, kei whakakinotia hoki e te toi, nā te mea he whakatauira noa iho i te ao tūturu—nō reira e toru ngā wā i tawhiti atu ai i te pono. I whakapae ia ka taea anake te whiwhi i te mātauranga pono mā te whakaaroaro whakaaro nui, kaua mā te wheako ā-tinana.
I whakamātau a Aristotle, te tauira a Plato, ki te whakaara ake i te mana o te toi mā te whakanui i tōna āhua whakaari i roto i tana pukapuka "Poetics." E ai ki a Aristotle, he mahi whakaora te toi, inā koa te pōuri, mā te tuku i te tangata ki te horoi i ō rātou kare ā-roto. Kāore i rite ki a Plato, i maioha a Aristotle ki te kaha o te toi ki te whakapuaki i ngā pono whānui mō te āhua me ngā wheako o te tangata.
Ngā Whakaaro o te Waenganui ki te Renaissance
I te wā o te Waenganui o ngā Wā, i tino awehia te ataahua e ngā whakapono whakapono. I whakataurite a Hato Ākuhata rāua ko Hato Tāmati Ākuina i te rapunga whakaaro tawhito me te karakia Karaitiana, me te titiro ki te toi hei huarahi hei whakaara ake i te wairua ki te ataahua atua. I kitea te toi hei taputapu hei whakakororia i te Atua me te whakaako i te marea mō ngā kōrero whakapono me ngā tikanga matatika.
I te wā o te Renaissance ka ara ake anō ngā kaupapa Kariki me ngā kaupapa Rōmana, me te tipu haere o te whakaaro tangata. I ngana ngā kaitoi pērā i a Leonardo da Vinci rāua ko Michelangelo ki te whakataurite i te wairua me te ao, me te rapu i te hohonutanga o te pūmanawa me te takitahi o te tangata. I tohu tēnei wā i te nekehanga ki te maioha ki te ataahua me te auahatanga.
Te Kaupapa Tikanga Hou
Te Māramatanga me te Ataahua
Nā te Wā Māramatanga i ārahi te ariā pūnaha mō te ataahua. Ko te "Critique of Judgment" a Immanuel Kant tētahi o ngā mahi tino whai mana i tēnei ao. I whakaaro a Kant he kore aro te whakatau ataahua, arā, kāore he whakaaro whaiaro, he kaupapa whai hua rānei. I whakaurua e ia ngā ariā o te "tino ataahua" me te "ataahua", me te whakaahua i te āhua o te whakaoho a ēnei wheako i ngā momo urupare kare ā-roto rerekē. Ki a Kant, he hononga ahurei te wheako ataahua i waenga i ngā pūkenga mārama me te whakaaro auaha.
Ko tētahi atu tino tangata, ko David Hume, e whakatata ana ki te ataahua mai i te tirohanga ā-wheako. I roto i te pukapuka "Of the Standard of Taste," i tautohe a Hume ahakoa kei roto te ataahua i ngā kanohi o te kaimātakitaki, ka taea e ētahi mātāpono whānui te ārahi i ā tātou whakatau ataahua. I whakaae ia ki te takitahi o te reka engari i whakapono ia mā te whakaae tahi a ngā kairīti mohio ka taea te whakatū paerewa mō te aromatawai i te toi.
Te Aroha me tua atu
I te rautau 19 ka nekehia te toi ki te Romanticism, i aro nui ki te kaha o ngā kare ā-roto, te whakapuakitanga takitahi, me te hiranga. I kite ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Friedrich Schiller rāua ko Arthur Schopenhauer i te toi hei ao e taea ai te whakamutu i te mana o te hiahia mō tētahi wā poto. I whakapono a Schopenhauer, he mawhiti te toi i te tohe tonu e tohu ana i te oranga o te tangata, e whakarato ana i tētahi wāhi tapu mō te whakaaroaro parakore.
Ngā Huarahi Matatau o Nāianei
Ataahua Tātari
I te rautau 20, nā te aranga ake o te rapunga whakaaro tātari i kawe mai he taha hou ki te ataahua. I tūhuratia e ngā kaipūkenga pērā i a Ludwig Wittgenstein rāua ko Nelson Goodman ngā hanganga reo me ngā hanganga tohu e tū ana i raro i te toi. E kī ana a Goodman i roto i te pukapuka "Languages of Art" he tohu ngā mahi toi i roto i tētahi pūnaha whakaaturanga, he rite tonu ki te reo. I pātai ia mō te āhua o te whakaaturanga toi, te whakaaturanga, me ngā paearu hei wehewehe i te toi mai i te kore-toi.
Nā Arthur Danto, tētahi atu tino tangata rongonui i roto i te ao toi, i whakauru te ariā o te "ao toi." I roto i tana tuhinga "The Artworld," e kī ana ia ehara i te mea nā ōna āhuatanga tūturu te mea ka waiho hei toi engari nā tōna whakatakotoranga horopaki i roto i tētahi anga pāpori-ahurea e mōhio ana ki a ia pērā. Nā tēnei ariā i tino awe te kōrero o nāianei mō te ontology o te toi.
Te Phenomenology me te Hermeneutics
I tua atu i te tirohanga ā-ahua, he nui ngā takoha a ngā tohunga whakaaro whenua ki te ao. I whakaahuahia e ngā tohunga tirohanga pēnei i a Maurice Merleau-Ponty te āhua o te wheako ataahua. Ki a rātou, ko te toi he momo whakaatu i te ao me tōna whai rawa me tōna uauatanga, me te whakauru i te kaimātakitaki ki tētahi kōrero i tua atu i te tirohanga tirohanga noa.
Ko te hermeneutika, inā koa mā roto i ngā mahi a Hans-Georg Gadamer, i whakanui i te āhua whakamārama o te toi. I roto i te pukapuka "Truth and Method," i tautohe a Gadamer ko te mārama ki te toi he whakakotahitanga o ngā pae tawhiti i waenganui i te mahi toi me te kaimātakitaki. He mahi hihiri, he mahi hītori hoki tēnei mahi whakamārama, e wero ana i te ariā o ngā tikanga pumau i roto i te toi.
Te Whakahoutanga me te Wetehanga
Nā te rapunga whakaaro o muri-hou i kawe mai te whakahē ki ngā kōrero nunui me ngā pono tuturu, ā, i tino pā ki te ataahua. E pātai ana te wetewete a Jacques Derrida i ngā whakahē rua e ahu mai ana i te ariā ataahua tuku iho, pērā i te āhua me te ihirangi, te toi teitei me te toi iti. E whakanui ana te ataahua o muri-hou i te maha, te wehewehe, me te hurihanga o ngā tikanga kua whakatūria.
I roto i te pukapuka "The Postmodern Condition," i whakapuaki a Jean-François Lyotard i te kore whakapono ki ngā kōrero-maha, me te tautoko i te maioha ki te kanorau me te taha iti o te toi. E hangai ana tēnei tirohanga ki ngā nekehanga o nāianei e whai ana ki te whakatōpū i te toi, me te awhi i ngā reo me ngā wheako kanorau e kore nei e uru ki ngā kōrero tuku iho.
Opaniraa
He mara whai rawa, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te tūhuratanga matatika o te toi me te ataahua, e whanake tonu ana. Mai i ngā ariā whakatauira o Kariki Tawhito ki ngā uiuinga uaua, he maha ngā wā he rerekē o te ao hou, ka tukuna e te matatika he tirohanga hohonu ki te āhua o tā tātou waihanga, whakamārama, me te whakanui i te toi. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake ēnei kōrero i tō tātou maioha ki ngā mahi toi engari ka hohonu ake hoki tō tātou māramatanga ki te hinengaro tangata, ki ngā kare ā-roto, me te ahurea. I a tātou e anga whakamua ana, kāore e kore ka haere tonu te kōrero i waenga i te toi me te matatika ki te whakaohooho, ki te wero, me te whakahihiko.
