Te Tūturutanga me te Whakaingoatanga i roto i te Metaphysics
I roto i te whare tapere nui o te rangahau matatika, ko te Realism me te Nominalism e tū ana hei rapunga whakaaro nui e rua e whai wāhi ana ki tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā mea whānui, ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake, me te āhua tonu o te mooni. Ka wetewetehia e ēnei tirohanga te huarahi e whakaarohia ai e tātou te oranga me te whakarōpū i ngā wāhanga o tō tātou ao. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga he whakamārama i ēnei whakaakoranga whakaaro e rua, me te whai i ō rāua whanaketanga hītori, ngā tautohe matua e tautoko ana i ia mea, me ngā pānga ki ngā momo kaupapa ako.
Te Whakapapa o te Realism me te Nominalism
I ahu mai te tautohetohe i waenganui i te Realism me te Nominalism ki Kariki onamata, engari i kitea tōna papa pakanga tino kaha i roto i te rapunga whakaaro o ngā tau waenga. Ko Plato te Realist tawhito, e kī ana ko ngā mea katoa—ngā ariā whānui pēnei i te ataahua, te pono, me te tika—he oranga tūturu, he motuhake hoki i tua atu i ngā tauira motuhake. I roto i tana ao o ngā Whakaaro, o ngā Āhua rānei, he pumau, he mutunga kore ngā mea katoa.
He rerekē, i tukuna e Aristotle tētahi tirohanga matatau ake mō ngā ao whānui, e kī ana kei te noho tonu rātou engari i roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake anake. Nā tēnei tūnga i whakatakoto te turanga mō te mea ka whanake i muri mai hei "Mooni Taurite", ahakoa i mau tonu te whakapono matua ki te noho tūturu o ngā ao whānui.
I puta te rerekētanga nui i te Nominalism, i kitea tōna tautoko pakari i roto i te tohunga whakaaro o ngā wā o waenganui, a William o Ockham. I whakapae a Ockham he ingoa noa iho ngā mea whānui (nō reira ko te Nominalism i ahu mai i te kupu Latina "nomen" mō te ingoa) kāore he oranga motuhake. Ki a Ockham, ko ngā mea motuhake anake te mea tūturu, ā, ko ngā mea whānui he hanganga reo watea hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga noa i waenga i ēnei mea.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Realism
E kī ana te Realism i roto i te metaphysics ko ngā mea ao whānui he mea tūturu e noho motuhake ana i raro i te maru o te hinengaro tangata. He maha ngā momo o te Realism, engari ko ngā kaupapa matua e aro ana ki te noho tūturu o ngā mea ao whānui:
1. Te Nohoanga o ngā Ao Whānui: E kī ana ngā kaimātakitaki tūturu ko ngā ariā pēnei i te "whero," te "ataahua," te "tika" rānei kei tua atu i ngā wā motuhake. Hei tauira, ahakoa ka whakangaromia ngā mea whero katoa, ka mau tonu te ariā o te "whero" hei āhuatanga whānui.
2. Te Whakahāngaitanga Hinengaro: E kī ana te ao tūturu ko te whāinga o te hinengaro tangata he kimi i ēnei ao whānui. Nō reira, ko te mātauranga he hononga pono i waenga i ngā ariā o te hinengaro me ngā ao whānui o waho.
3. Te Whakapūmautanga Ontological: E whakapau kaha ana te hunga pono ki tētahi ontology whai rawa. E whakapono ana rātou ko te ao e kitea ana e tātou he mea hanga i roto i tētahi āhua e whai wāhi nui ana ngā ao whānui ki te hanganga o te mooni.
Ngā tautohe mō te Realism
– Te Tautohe mai i te Whārite: E tohu ana ngā kaimātakitaki tūturu ki ngā āhuatanga whārite i waenga i ngā mea motuhake. Mena he whero ētahi mea, me whai āhua whārite anō hoki—te whero—i tua atu i ngā mea tonu.
– Te Whaihua Pūtaiao: He maha ngā wā ka hono te ao tūturu ki ngā ariā pūtaiao e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā ao whānui. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakarōpūtanga koiora me ngā ture ā-tinana e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakaaro o ngā āhuatanga me ngā whanaungatanga tiritahi.
– Tikanga Whakaaro: I roto i ngā kōrero o mua, ka kaha te ariā o te ao tūturu i tōna tikanga whakaaro tawhito, mai i a Plato, ā, ka whakaūtia e ngā tāngata pēnei i a Augustine, Aquinas, me Bertrand Russell i ēnei wā tata nei.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Whakaingoatanga
E whakakahoretia ana e te Nominalism te noho motuhake o ngā mea whānui, me te pupuri ko ngā mea motuhake anake te mea tūturu. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te Nominalism ko:
1. Te Whakakore i ngā Hinonga Ao Whānui: E kī ana ngā kai-ingoa ingoa ehara ngā ao whānui i te hinonga e noho ana i waho o ō tātou hinengaro. Ko ngā kupu pēnei i te "whero" he huarahi watea noa iho hei tohu i ngā rōpū o ngā mea takitahi e rite ana ngā āhuatanga.
2. Ōhanga o te Ontology: He maha ngā wā e piri ana ki te Ockham's Razor—kia kaua e whakareatia ngā mea nui ki tua atu i te mea e tika ana—e pai ake ana ngā kai-ingoa ingoa ki tētahi anga ontological iti ake. E kitea ana tēnei hei huarahi ki te karo i ngā kawenga matatika kore e hiahiatia.
3. Te Whakahē i te Mātauranga: E whakapono ana ngā kai-ingoa-ingoa ki te kaha o te tangata ki te hopu i ngā mea whānui. Engari, e whakapono ana rātou kei runga i te mātakitaki i ngā mea motuhake tō tātou mātauranga.
Ngā tautohe mō te Whakaingoatanga
– Te Whakahē Reo: E kī ana ngā kaikōrero ingoa, mā te reo ka māmā ake ngā āhuatanga uaua o te ao mā te whakarōpū i ngā mea motuhake. Ehara te kupu "ngeru" i te tohu i te 'ngeru' āhua-kore engari he tapanga e whakamahia ana e tātou mō ngā ngeru katoa.
– Heu a Ockham: Ko te mātāpono o te ōhanga ontological he pou matua i roto i te Nominalism. Mā te kī he iti ake ngā hinonga i roto i tōna anga, ka piri te Nominalism ki te kaupapa pūtaiao o te māmā me te whakamātautau.
– Te Raru o ngā Hinonga Whakarāpopoto: E kī ana ngā kai-ingoa ingoa, nā te mea ehara i te mea empirika ana, he raruraru ngā hinonga whakarāpopoto mō tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao. Nā te mea kāore ngā mea ao whānui e taea te kite tika, te ine rānei, he ruarua te kaha o tō rātou whakamārama.
Ngā Pānga mō ngā Matauranga Rerekē
Ka horapa atu te awe o te Realism me te Nominalism ki tua atu i ngā matatika parakore, ā, ka uru atu ki ētahi atu mara o te rapunga whakaaro, te pūtaiao, tae noa ki te karakia.
1. Epistemology: Ka tautoko te Realism i te mātauranga whānui, e kī ana ko te ako me te uiuinga he whāinga ki te mārama ki ngā mea whānui. Ko te Nominalism ia, e kī ana ko te mātauranga he kohinga o ngā tirohanga mō ngā mea motuhake.
2. Pūtaiao me te Pāngarau: E whakaaro ana te ao pūtaiao tūturu kei te noho ngā ture ā-ao e whakahaere ana i ngā āhuatanga. I roto i te pāngarau, e whakaaro ana ngā Platonist ki ngā tau me ngā āhuahanga ā-ira kei roto i tētahi ao tūroa, engari ko ngā Nominalists e whakaaro ana he mea hanga e te tangata.
3. Karaipiture: He mea nui te tautohetohe i waenganui i te Realism me te Nominalism ki te hanga i te karakia o ngā wā o mua. E whakanui ana ngā tikanga karakia Realist i te noho o ngā āhua atua o te ao whānui, ko te karakia Nominalist ia e anga atu ana ki tētahi whakamaoritanga takitahi ake o ngā ture atua.
4. Reo me te Tikanga Tikanga: I roto i te mātauranga reo, e tautoko ana te tirohanga Realist i te ariā o te wetereo whānui, i whakatakotoria e Noam Chomsky, e kī ana ko te hanganga o te reo e whakaata ana i ngā hanganga whakaaro ā-roto. E kī ana te nominalism he taputapu ngāwari te reo i hangaia me te whakarerekētia mā roto i ngā tikanga pāpori.
Opaniraa
Ko te Realism me te Nominalism he whakautu taketake, he whakautu rerekē hoki ki ētahi o ngā pātai tawhito o te metaphysics. E tautoko ana te Realism i te oranga whāinga o ngā mea ao whānui, e titiro ana ki a rātou hei pou tokomanawa mō tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao. He rerekē, e whakanui ana te Nominalism i te hiranga o ngā mea motuhake, ā, e whakaaro ana ki ngā mea ao whānui hei mea ngāwari ki te reo, kaua ki ngā mea tūturu ontological.
Ko te tautohetohe roa i waenganui i ēnei rapunga whakaaro e rua kei te hanga tonu i ngā whakaaro o nāianei, hei ipu whakaaro e whakamatautauria ai, e whakatikatikaina ai hoki ngā whakaaro mō te oranga, te mātauranga, me te mooni. Hei whakamutunga, ahakoa e anga atu ana te tangata ki te Realism, ki te Nominalism rānei, mā te whai wāhi atu ki ēnei tirohanga ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua taketake o te mooni me te ngana a te hinengaro ki te mārama ki a ia.
