Te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Ture Taiao
Ko te rapunga whakaaro mō te ture taiao tētahi o ngā tikanga tino hohonu, tino pumau hoki o te whakaaro o te Hauāuru. I ahu mai i te whakaaro he mea taketake ētahi tika me ngā uara matatika i roto i te āhua o te tangata, ā, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, kua noho te ture taiao hei pou tokomanawa i roto i ngā mara o ngā tikanga matatika, ngā mahi tōrangapū, me ngā ariā ture. E tohu ana te ariā he mātāpono matatika whaitake i ahu mai i te taiao me te whakaaro tangata, e whakahaere ana i ngā whanonga tangata, ā, hei pūtake mō te whakatū ture me te tikanga pāpori.
Whakawhanaketanga o mua
Ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho o Mua
Ko ngā takenga mai o te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao ka taea te whai i ngā iwi onamata. I Kariki onamata, i whakaaroaro ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Aristotle rāua ko Plato ki te ariā o tētahi tikanga ā-roto ki te ao whānui e whakahaere ana i te taiao me ngā take tangata. Ko ngā āhua o Plato me te ariā o Aristotle mō te tika hei mea e rite ana ki te tikanga taiao e whakaatu ana i ngā nganatanga tuatahi ki te tautohetohe ki tā tātou e mōhio nei ko te ture taiao.
I roto i tana pukapuka Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, i whakaurua e Aristotle te ariā o te tika tūturu e noho motuhake ana i ngā tikanga a te tangata. He tika whānui, he pumau tonu tēnei, e whakarato ana i tētahi paerewa hei ine i ngā ture tangata. Ko te aro nui o Aristotle ki te whakaaro nui me te pai hei mātāpono ārahi e hangai tata ana ki te whanaketanga o muri mai o te tikanga ture tūturu.
Ngā Takoha Rōmana
Nā ngā tohunga whakaaro me ngā tohunga ture o Rōmana i whakatairanga ake te ariā o te ture taiao. I roto i tana pukapuka De Legibus, i kī a Cicero ko te ture pono he whakaaro tika e rite ana ki te taiao, e tu tonu ana, e kore e taea te whakarerekē. Nā tēnei ariā i awe ngā tohunga ture o Rōmana, ā, i whakaurua ki roto i te pūnaha ture o Rōmana, i whai wāhi ki te turanga o te mea ka noho hei whakaaro ture o te Hauāuru.
He mahi nui anō tā te hunga Stoic. E whakanui ana ngā tāngata pērā i a Seneca rāua ko Epictetus i ahu mai te ture taiao i tētahi ao whānui whai take, whai whakaaro hoki. I whakapono rātou he mea nui te noho tahi me te ture taiao kia tutuki ai te eudaimonia, arā, te tupu o te tangata.
Whakaurunga Karaitiana
I te taenga mai o te Karaitianatanga, ka huri te ariā o te ture taiao ki ngā āhuatanga hou. Nā ngā tohunga whakaaro Karaitiana pērā i a Hato Ākuhata rāua ko Hato Tāmati Ākuina i whakakotahi te ture taiao me te whakaakoranga Karaitiana. Ki a Ākuina, ko te ture taiao he whai wāhi ki te ture mutunga kore a te Atua. I roto i tana mahi nui, te Summa Theologica, i tautuhia e Ākuina te ture taiao hei āhuatanga taketake o te āhua tangata, e whakahāngai ana i te whakaaro ki te hiahia o te Atua.
He mea hou te whakamārama a Aquinas i te ture taiao. I whakaaro ia mā te whakaaro nui ka taea e te tangata te kite i ētahi pono matatika e noho pū ana i roto i ō rātou āhua. Ko ēnei pono te pūtake mō ngā ture tangata, e whai ana kia whakatairanga i te pai whānui, kia rite hoki ki ēnei mātāpono matatika. He mana tonu te ariā ture taiao a Aquinas, inā koa i roto i te karakia matatika Katorika me ngā kōrero whānui mō ngā matatika.
Nga Tikanga Matua
Te Kotahitanga
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te rapunga whakaaro ture taiao ko tōna whānui. E kiia ana ngā mātāpono ture taiao he whānui, e pā ana ki ngā tāngata katoa ahakoa te ahurea, te wā, te wāhi rānei. I ahu mai tēnei whānui i te whakapono ko te ture taiao kei roto i te āhua o te tangata tonu, ā, ka taea te kite mā te whakaaro nui.
Te Whaainga
E ai ki te ture taiao, he mea whai take ngā pono matatika, kāore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā hiahia takitahi, ki ngā manakohanga pāpori rānei. E kiia ana ka taea te kimi i ēnei pono mā te whakaaro tangata me te whakaaroaro ki te āhua o te tangata me ā rātou kaupapa.
Te hangarau kōrero
Ko te ariā ture taiao e whakauru ana i te tirohanga teleological mō te āhua o te tangata. E kī ana he whāinga, he kaupapa motuhake rānei kei roto i te tangata. Mā ēnei kaupapa ka ārahi i te whakaaro matatika, ā, ka whakarato i te turanga mō te whakatau i te mea pai me te mea tika. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te kaupapa taiao o te tangata kei roto ko te whakaaro nui me te oranga pāpori, kāti ko ngā ture me ngā mahi e whakatairanga ana i ēnei āhuatanga ka rite ki te ture taiao.
Te Hononga ki ngā Tika Tangata
Kua roa te ture taiao e whakarato ana i te pūtake mō te ariā o ngā tika tangata. I te mea e māramahia ana te ture taiao hei whakawhiwhi i ētahi tika ā-roto, kua whakamahia hei tautoko i te noho o ngā tika tangata taketake me whakaute e ngā pūnaha tōrangapū me ngā pūnaha ture katoa. E kitea ana tēnei hononga i roto i ngā tuhinga pērā i te Whakapuakitanga o te Mana Motuhake me te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata, e whakaata ana i ngā mātāpono o te ture taiao i roto i ā rātou whakapuakitanga mō te mana me ngā tika ā-roto o te tangata.
Ngā Arotake me ngā Tautohenga
Kāore i kore ngā kaitukino me ngā tautohetohe mō te ariā ture taiao. Ko ētahi o ngā arotake matua ko:
Te whanaungatanga
E kī ana ngā kairīti kāore te ao whānui e kīia ana e ngā kaitātari ture taiao e whakamārama ana i te kanorau o ngā whakapono me ngā mahi matatika puta noa i ngā ahurea me ngā hapori rerekē. E kī ana rātou he rerekē rawa ngā mea e kiia ana he taiao, he matatika rānei, e wero ana i te ariā o ngā mātāpono matatika whānui, whai take.
Te Manatū Ture
E whakahē ana ngā kaitautoko ture whai mana, pērā i a John Austin rāua ko HLA Hart, i te whakaaro me ahu te ture i runga i ngā mātāpono matatika. E kī ana rātou he hanganga pāpori te ture, ā, me wehe atu i te matatika. E kī ana ngā kaitautoko ture whai mana, he tika ngā ture i runga i te whakatinanatanga me te whakatinanatanga, ehara i te mea e hangai ana ki tētahi tikanga matatika tūturu.
Biology Evolutionary
E kī ana ētahi kairīti o ēnei rā, e wero ana te koiora whanaketanga i te turanga o te ture taiao mā te kī ko ngā whanonga tangata me ngā pūnaha matatika he hua nō ngā tukanga whanaketanga, kaua ki ngā āhuatanga pumau o te āhua tangata. E kī ana tēnei tirohanga ko te mea e kiia ana e te ture taiao he mea tūturu, he rautaki urutau kua whanake haere i roto i te wā.
Tikanga o naianei
Ahakoa ēnei whakahē, kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā ture taiao i roto i ngā kōrero rapunga whakaaro, ture, me te tōrangapū o ēnei rā. E whakarato ana i tētahi anga pakari mō te aro atu ki ngā take o ngā tika tangata, te tika, me te pai whānui. Ko tōna aro nui ki ngā mātāpono matatika whāinga me te whakaaroaro whaitake e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga taupatupatu ki ngā tirohanga whanaungatanga me ngā tirohanga pai.
I roto i ngā tautohetohe o nāianei, he maha ngā wā ka hono te ture taiao ki ngā kōrero mō te mana tangata, te tikanga koiora, me te tika pāpori. Hei tauira, ko ngā tautohetohe mō ngā mahi pēnei i te whakamate tangata, te tautoko rānei i ngā tika tangata whānui, ka whakamahia ngā mātāpono ture taiao hei whakaū i te tapu me te uara tūturu o te ora tangata.
Opaniraa
He kaupapa rangahau nui tonu te rapunga whakaaro mō te ture taiao, ā, he kaupapa rangahau hihiri hoki, e whakaatu ana i ngā māramatanga ki te āhua o te matatika, ngā tika tangata, me te ture. Ko tōna whanaketanga hītori e whakaata ana i te hononga nui o ngā whakaaro mai i Kariki onamata, Rōma, me ngā whakaaro Karaitiana, ā, kei te haere tonu ōna mātāpono ki te whakamōhio i ngā tautohetohe matatika me ngā ture o nāianei. Ahakoa te nui o ngā whakahē, ko te tino rongonui o te ture taiao kei roto i tōna whakapau kaha ki ngā pono matatika whānui me te whakapono ki tētahi pūtake whakaaro nui mō te tika me te tupu o te tangata.
