Te Ariā Mātauranga Ā-Empirika: He Tūhuratanga Hōhonu
Ko te rapunga mō te mārama ki te mātauranga he kaupapa matua i roto i te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao mō ngā mano tau. Ko tētahi huarahi tino nui ki tēnei rapunga ko te ariā mātauranga ā-wheako, e tautoko ana i te ariā ko te mātauranga i ahu mai i ngā wheako ā-pārongo. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he wetewete i ngā āhuatanga uaua o tēnei ariā, me te tirotiro i ōna pūtake hītori, ōna mātāpono matua, me ngā whakamaoritanga o ēnei rā.
Horopaki Huarahi
I ahu mai te ariā mātauranga i ngā tikanga rapunga whakaaro onamata, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi a ngā tohunga whakaaro o mua i te wā o Socratics, a Aristotle, me ngā tohunga whakaaro o muri mai pērā i a John Locke, George Berkeley, me David Hume. I whakapae ēnei tohunga whakaaro ehara te mātauranga i te mea nō roto mai i te whānau engari ka riro mai i roto i te wheako.
I tautohe a Aristotle ka tīmata te mātauranga i te tirohanga ā-pūtaiao. I wehewehea e ia te episteme (mōhiotanga pūtaiao) me te doxa (whakaaro), me te kī ko te mātakitaki ā-wheako he ara nui ki te mātauranga pono. Nā te arotahi a Aristotle ki te mātakitaki me te whakarōpūtanga i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā tikanga ā-wheako o muri mai.
I roto i tana pukapuka matua "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690), i whakatairangahia e John Locke te ariā o te hinengaro hei "tabula rasa" he papa kau rānei. E ai ki a Locke, ko ngā mātauranga katoa i ahu mai i te wheako, ā, i wehea e ia ki te kare ā-roto me te whakaaroaro. Ko te kare ā-roto e pā ana ki te urunga o waho e kitea ana mā roto i ngā kare ā-roto, ko te whakaaroaro ia e pā ana ki te tukatuka ā-roto o ēnei urunga kare ā-roto.
I neke atu a George Berkeley i te anga a Locke mā te tautohe ko ngā mea kei roto i te hinengaro anake te wāhi e noho ai. Ko te whakaaro kore-tinana a Berkeley e kī ana ko te ao o waho ka taea anake te mōhio mā roto i ngā wheako pārongo, nā te mea ko te noho kei runga i te tirohanga—e whakarapopototia ana i roto i te kupu "esse est percipi" (ko te noho ko te kitea).
I whakatikatika a David Hume i te rapunga whakaaro ā-pūtaiao mā te whakauru i tētahi tātaritanga pakari o te hinengaro tangata. I roto i te pukapuka "A Treatise of Human Nature" (1739-1740), i tautohe a Hume ko te māramatanga o te tangata ka puta mai i te tikanga me te wheako, kaua i te whakatau whakaaro. I whakaurua e ia te ariā o te "tikanga" me te "tikanga" hei kaupapa matua mō te hononga o ngā whakaaro, ā, i hua ake ai te mea i huaina e ia ko "ngā mea pono" (ngā pono ā-pūtaiao) i wehewehea mai i "ngā whanaungatanga o ngā whakaaro" (ngā pono arorau).
Ngā Mātāpono Matua o te Ariā Empirika
Ko te ariā mātauranga e ahu mai ana i ētahi mātāpono matua:
1. Te Whakawhirinaki ki ngā Wheako Ā-Tiro: Ko te wheako ā-tariro tika te pūtake taketake o ngā mātauranga katoa. He rerekē te mātauranga ā-wheako ki te mātauranga ā-mua, arā, kāore e pāngia e te wheako, pērā i ngā pono pāngarau.
2. Te Whakatairanga i runga i te Whakakorenga: Ko te kaupapa matauranga e whakanui ana i te whakaaro hinengaro—te tango whakatau whānui mai i ngā kitenga motuhake—i runga i te whakaaro hinengaro. Ahakoa e āhei ana te whakaurunga ki ngā whakatau tūponotanga, ka whakaratohia e te whakatau he tino pono engari me mōhio ki ngā ariā me te tino pono, he wero tēnei me te kore he taunakitanga wheako.
3. Te Hē o te Mātauranga: He hē tonu te mātauranga ā-pūtaiao nā te iti o te tirohanga a te tangata me te kaha o te hē i roto i te tirotiro me te whakamaoritanga. Me whakamātautau tonu, me whakahou hoki ngā whakapae mō tēnei hē.
4. Tikanga Pūtaiao: Ko te huarahi wheako te pou here o te tikanga pūtaiao, e uru ana ki te tirotiro, te whakatakoto ariā, te whakamātautau, me te whakahou. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tukanga auau ko te hanga i tētahi mātauranga pono e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga ka kitea.
5. Manatoko Ā-Whaiaro: Kia whai tikanga ai, kia pono ai rānei tētahi whakaaro, me taea te manatoko mā te ā-whiro. Ka whakahē tēnei mātāpono i ngā kereme matatika kāore e whakamatautauria mā te ā-whiro.
Ngā Whakamārama me ngā Wero o ēnei Rā
I roto i te rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao o ēnei rā, kei te whai tonu te ariā ā-wheako mō te mātauranga i tētahi tūranga nui, ahakoa he rerekē ngā whakamāramatanga me ngā wero.
Ko te Arorau Positivism, he kaupapa i ahu mai i te whakaaro nui i te rautau 20, i whakaarohia ko ngā kōrero whai tikanga he pono ā-tātari (he pono mā te whakamāramatanga) he mea rānei ka taea te whakamana mā te whakaaro nui. Heoi, i whakahēngia tēnei paearu manatoko pakari mō te tino aukati me te whakakore i ngā kōrero matatika me te matatika he koretake.
Ko te Pragmatism, e tautokona ana e ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a Charles Peirce, William James, me John Dewey, e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga ngāwari ake mō te mātauranga ā-wheako. E kī ana te Pragmatism ko te pono o tētahi whakapono ka whakatauhia e ōna hua mahi me tōna whai huatanga. Mā tēnei huarahi ka honoa te āputa i waenga i ngā taunakitanga ā-wheako me te tono mahi.
Ko te phenomenology me te hermeneutics, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi a Martin Heidegger rāua ko Hans-Georg Gadamer, e wero ana i te arotahi ā-wheako ki te mātakitaki ā-whāinga mā te whakanui i te āhua whaiaro, ā-whakamārama o te wheako tangata. E kī ana ēnei huarahi he horopaki tonu te māramatanga, ā, he pānga mai i ngā āhuatanga hītori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea, e uaua ai te whiwhi mātauranga ā-wheako.
Ko te Raru o te Whakatairanga, i rongonuihia e Hume, he wero tonu. Ahakoa he pūtake ki te mōhiotanga ā-wheako te whakaaro whakatairanga, kāore e taea te kī taurangi i te pono o ngā whakatau i ahu mai i ngā kitenga iti. Ko ngā urupare hou, pērā i te paearu tinihanga a Karl Popper, e tautoko ana kia waiho ngā ariā pūtaiao hei whakahē, kaua hei whakamana.
Pūtaiao Hinengaro me te Pūtaiao Roro: Nā ngā whanaketanga o ēnei mara kua whakauru mai i ngā āhuatanga hou ki te ariā wheako, e tūhura ana i te tukatuka a te roro i ngā mōhiohio ā-pūmanawa me te hanga mātauranga. Mā te rangahau mō te tirohanga, te mahara, me te whakaaro ka mārama ki ngā pūtake wheako o te whiwhi mātauranga, engari e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā uauatanga me ngā whakaaro pōhēhē pea kei roto i te hinengaro tangata.
Opaniraa
Kua tino hanga e te ariā mātauranga ā-pūtaiao tō tātou māramatanga ki te huarahi e whiwhi ai tātou, e whakamana ai, e whakahou ai hoki i te mātauranga. Mai i ōna pūtake hītori i roto i te rapunga whakaaro onamata ki ōna whakamārama me ngā wero o ēnei rā, e whakaatu ana te mātauranga ā-pūtaiao i te hiranga o ngā wheako ā-pārongo me te mātakitaki hei tūāpapa mō te mātauranga.
Ahakoa kāore i te kore ōna herenga me ōna whakahē, he mea nui tonu te huarahi empirika ana i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao me te whakaaroaro o ia rā. Ka whanake tonu, ka whakauru i ngā māramatanga mai i ngā momo marautanga hei whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te mātauranga i roto i tētahi ao hurihuri tonu. Mā te awhi i ōna kaha me ōna herenga, ka taea tonu e tātou te whakatairanga i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua empirika ana o te mātauranga me tōna tūranga i roto i te oranga o te tangata.
