Ngā Āhuatanga Ture o te Ao i te Moana
Ko ngā moana o te ao, e kapi ana i te 70% o te mata o te Ao, he taiao uaua, hihiri hoki e hira ana ki te oranga tonutanga o te ao, ki ngā mahi ōhanga, me te pumau o te ao tōrangapū. I te mea he tino hira me te whānui o te whai huatanga o ēnei rohe moana, he uaua, he maha ngā āhuatanga, ā, kei te whanake tonu ngā āhuatanga ture o te ao mō te whakahaere moana.
Te Whanaketanga Hītori o te Ture Moana o te Ao
I ahu mai ngā takenga mai o te ture moana o te ao i ngā wā onamata, i te wā i tīmata ai ngā iwi ki te whakatū i ngā tikanga taketake mō te whakatere me te hokohoko. Heoi, i tīmata te hanganga o te anga hou i te rautau 17 me te putanga mai o ngā ariā pēnei i te Mare Liberum (te herekore o ngā moana), i whakatakotoria e te tohunga ture Tatimana a Hugo Grotius i te tau 1609. I tautoko a Grotius i te mātāpono kia wātea te moana ki te katoa mō te whakatere, he ariā i whakaaetia haeretia ahakoa te whakahē.
I te rautau 20, i kitea ngā nekehanga nui ki te whakature i ngā ture moana, inā koa i te whakatūnga o te Huihuinga o ngā Whenua o te Ao mō te Ture o te Moana (UNCLOS) i te tau 1982. E mōhiotia ana ko te "kaupapa ture o ngā moana", ka whakaratohia e te UNCLOS he anga ture whānui e whakahaere ana i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te whakamahinga o te moana. Kua whakamanahia e te neke atu i te 160 whenua, ā, koinei te tūāpapa o te ture moana o te ao.
Ngā Whakaritenga Matua o UNCLOS
Kei roto i te UNCLOS ngā whakaritenga nui e whakaatu ana i ngā rohe moana, ngā mana whakahaere, me ngā kawenga o ngā whenua, me ngā tikanga whakatau tautohe.
– Te Moana Whenua me te Rohe Honohono: Kei ngā whenua takutai te mana motuhake ki ngā moana whenua tae atu ki te 12 maero moana mai i tō rātou turanga. Kei a rātou te mana whakahaere i te wāhi hau, te papa moana, me te oneone o raro i roto i tēnei rohe, i raro i te mana o te haerenga harakore mō ngā kaipuke o tāwāhi. Ka toro atu te rohe hono ki te 12 maero moana anō, ka taea e ngā whenua te whakatinana i ngā ture e pā ana ki ngā tikanga, te manene mai, me te parahanga.
– Rohe Ōhanga Motuhake (EEZ): E toro atu ana ki te 200 maero moana mai i te pūtake, ka tukuna e te EEZ ki te kawanatanga takutai ngā mana motuhake e pā ana ki te tūhuratanga me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi moana, tae atu ki te whakaputa pūngao mai i te wai me te hau. Heoi, ka mau tonu ngā mana o ētahi atu kawanatanga ki te whakatere me te rere i roto i tēnei rohe.
– Papa Whenua: He mana motuhake tō ngā whenua takutai moana ki te papa whenua, e toro atu ana pea ki tua atu o te EEZ, mō te whakamahi i ngā rauemi taiao. He mea nui tēnei whakaritenga mō ngā mahi pēnei i te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau.
– Ngā Moana Nui: Kei tua atu i ngā mana whakahaere ā-motu ko ngā moana nui, e tuwhera ana ki ngā whenua katoa mō te herekore o te whakatere, te rere i runga ake i te moana, me te hī ika. Me tiaki tēnei rohe mō ngā kaupapa rangimārie, ā, kāore e taea e tētahi whenua te kī he mana motuhake tōna.
– Mana Whakahaere Moana o te Ao (ISA): Ka whakahaere te ISA i ngā rauemi kohuke o te moana i tua atu i te mana whakahaere o te motu, kia tika ai te tohatoha o ngā painga me te tiaki i te taiao.
Ngā Tautohe Moana me ngā Tikanga Whakatau
Ahakoa te pakari o te anga i whakaratohia e UNCLOS, ehara i te mea onge ngā tautohe moana. He maha ngā wā ka puta ake ngā tautohe mō te rohe rohe, te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi, me ngā whakamaoritanga rerekē o ngā tika me ngā herenga. He maha ngā huarahi kua whakatūria e UNCLOS hei whakatau i aua tautohe:
– Te Taraipiunara ā-Ao mō te Ture o te Moana (ITLOS): Kei Hamburg, Tiamana te tari matua, ā, ka whakatau a ITLOS i ngā tautohe e puta mai ana i te whakamaoritanga me te whakamahinga o UNCLOS. Ka whakahaerea e ia ngā take i kawea mai e ngā whenua, ngā whakahaere ā-ao, me ētahi atu hinonga.
– Te Kōti Ture o te Ao (ICJ): He mahi nui anō tā te ICJ ki te whakatau i ngā tautohe moana, ā, he maha ngā wā ka tukuna e ia ngā whakaaro tohutohu mō ngā take ture uaua.
– Te Whakatautau me te Whakamarietanga: E whakatairanga ana a UNCLOS i te whakatautau me te whakamarietanga hei tikanga whakatau tautohe ngāwari, kāore i te tino ōkawa, e uru ana ngā rōpū tohunga ki te whakatau i ngā tautohe.
Te Tiaki Taiao Moana
Ko te tiaki taiao te tūāpapa o te ture moana o te ao, e aro ana ki ngā āwangawanga e tipu haere ana mō te parahanga moana, te ngaronga o te kanorau koiora, me ngā pānga ki te huringa āhuarangi. E whakatakoto ana ngā UNCLOS me ngā tiriti tautoko maha i ngā herenga mō ngā whenua ki te ārai, ki te whakaiti, me te whakahaere i te parahanga moana mai i ngā pūtake whenua, ngā kaipuke, me ngā mahi o te papa moana.
Ko ngā tiriti taiao matua ko:
– MARPOL (Te Huihuinga ā-Ao mō te Ārai i te Parahanga mai i ngā Kaipuke): Ka aro atu a MARPOL ki te parahanga mai i ngā kaipuke, e kapi ana i ngā turuturu hinu, ngā matū kino, te paru, te para, me te parahanga o te hau. Ka whakatūhia he paerewa pakari mō te hoahoa me te whakahaere o ngā waka.
– Te Kawenata mō te Kanorau Koiora (CBD): Ko te arotahi a te CBD ki te tiaki i te kanorau koiora o te moana, te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga pumau o ngā rauemi moana, me te whakarite kia tika te tohatoha o ngā painga mai i ngā rauemi ira. Ka akiaki i te whakatūnga o ngā rohe tiaki moana (MPA) me ngā mahi hei tiaki i ngā momo e tata ana ki te ngaro.
Nga wero me nga ahunga a meake nei
Ko te āhua hihiri o ngā mahi moana me ngā huringa taiao he wero tonu ki te anga ture o te ao. Ko ngā take urutau hou pēnei i te keri moana hohonu, te rapunga koiora, me ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi e hiahiatia ana kia mau tonu ngā tikanga ture.
– Te Keri Moana Hōhonu: Me whakataurite ngā ture a te ISA mō te keri moana hōhonu i ngā painga ōhanga me te tiaki taiao. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, he mea nui kia kaua e kino rawa ngā pūnaha rauropi ngoikore ki ngā mahi keri.
– Huringa Āhuarangi: Ko te pikinga o ngā taumata o te moana, te waikawa o te moana, me ngā huringa o ngā pūnaha rauropi moana e hiahia ana kia whai urupare ā-ao whānui. He mea nui te whakapakari i ngā anga ture hei whakaiti me te urutau ki ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki te moana.
– Te Haumarutanga Moana: Ko te tahae waka, te whakamataku moana, me ngā mahi turekore he tūmomo mōrearea ki te haumarutanga. He mea nui te mahi tahi me ngā mahi ture hei tiaki i te haumarutanga moana me te pupuri i te mana o te ture.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā āhuatanga ture o te ao whānui o te moana te tūāpapa mō te whakamahinga tauwhiro me te tika o ngā rohe moana o te ao. Ko UNCLOS tonu te tūāpapa o te whakahaere moana, e whakarato ana i tētahi huarahi taurite ki ngā tika whakatere, te whakahaere rauemi, te tiaki taiao, me te whakatau tautohe. Heoi, i te whanaketanga o ngā whanaketanga o te ao, me pērā anō hoki ngā anga ture e whakahaere ana i ngā moana, kia mau tonu ai te urutau, te whānui, me te pakari i roto i ngā wero hou.
