Ngā Momo Pūtake Pūhaumāota Taiao
Ko te fluoride (te fluoride i tōna āhua ionic) he huānga matū e kitea ana i te taiao. Mēnā he iti noa te rahinga, he maha ngā painga o te fluoride ki te hauora o ngā niho nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakapakari i te enamel me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pirau niho. Heoi, pērā i te maha atu o ngā kohuke, he "rohe haumaru" anō hoki tō te fluoride: mā te nui rawa o te pānga mō te wā roa ka nui ake te mōrearea o te fluorosis niho ( ngā ira mā ki te parauri i runga i ngā niho ) i ngā taumata teitei ake, roa ake rānei, te fluorosis angaanga. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā pūtake o te fluoride tūturu, kia nui ake ai ōna painga me te karo i te nui rawa o te pānga.
Ko ngā momo pūtake waikura tūturu e whai ake nei e tino kitea ana, me ngā whakamārama mō te urunga o te waikura ki roto i te wai, i te kai, me ngā pūnaha rauropi.
1. Wai whenua (ngā puna wai) me ngā puna wai
Ko te puna wai whenua te puna nui rawa atu o te fluoride i roto i te nuinga o ngā wāhi. I te mea ka uru te wai mā roto i ngā paparanga o te oneone me te toka, ka taea e te whakarewanga o ngā kohuke (te horoi) te tuku i ngā katote fluoride ki roto i te wai. He nui te pānga o ngā taumata fluoride i roto i te wai whenua ki:
– Te momo toka me ngā kohuke e haerehia ana e te wai (hei tauira, ngā toka he nui ngā kohuke wheowhio).
– Te roa o te pānga o te wai ki ngā toka: ka roa te penapena o te wai i roto i te puna wai, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka memeha ngā kohuke.
– pH me te pāmahana: ka taea e ētahi āhuatanga matū te whakanui ake i te wairewatanga o ngā kohuke fluoride.
– Te hōhonutanga o te puna: i ētahi wāhi, ka nui ake te taumata o te pūhaumāota i roto i ngā puna hōhonu ake.
I ētahi wāhi—ina koa ko ngā wāhi maroke, maroke-haurua rānei—ka piki ake te kukū o te pūhāurowaihā i roto i te wai whenua nā te nui o te mimiti me te iti o te waimeha e te wai ua.
2. Wai mata: awa, roto me ngā puna wai
Haunga te wai whenua, ka kitea anō te pūhaumāota i roto i te wai mata pērā i ngā awa, ngā roto, ngā puna wai rānei. Ko ngā pūtake o te pūhaumāota i roto i te wai mata ka ahu mai i:
– Te rerenga mai i te oneone me ngā toka kei roto te wheowhio.
– Te urunga mai i ngā puna e kawe mai ana i te pūhaumāota mai i te puna wai ki te mata.
– Ngā paru ka taea te taunekeneke ki te wai, ā, ka tukuna te pūhaumāota i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
Ko te tikanga, he iti ake ngā taumata o te pūhaumāota i roto i te wai mata i ngā wai whenua nā te mea he ngāwari ake te whakaranu me te waimeha o te wai mata. Heoi, i ngā wāhi he āhua whenua motuhake, i roto rānei i ngā roto kua āraia (he iti noa te rerenga atu), ka piki tonu ngā kukū.
3. Ngā kohuke me ngā toka e mau ana i te fluorine
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka rongoatia te hauhā i roto i ngā kohuke i roto i te taiao. Ina huarere ēnei kohuke, ka tukuna te hauhā ki roto i te oneone me te wai. Ko ngā kohuke e mau ana i te hauhā ko:
– Te Pūroiti (CaF₂): tētahi o ngā kohuke pūroiti rongonui, he maha ngā wā ka nui te pūroiti i roto i te wai whenua.
– Apatite (rōpū kohuke phosphate): kei roto pea te fluorine (fluoroapatite) ā, he wāhi nui tōna i roto i te huringa fluorine i roto i te oneone.
– Ētahi mika me ētahi āmipora: ka taea e ētahi momo toka mura/makawe te whai i te wheorine i ngā rahinga rerekē.
– Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆): kāore i te tino kitea, engari he hītori tōna hei kohuke nui kei roto he wheorine.
He nui ake te pūmanawa mō te pūhaumāota tūturu i ētahi wāhi whai rawa i te toka puia, te karāhe, ētahi putunga kohuke rānei.
4. Oneone me te paru
Ko te oneone te "takawaenga" matua i waenga i ngā toka me ngā mea ora. Ka taea e te hauhāora mai i te huareretanga o ngā kohuke te kohikohi ki roto i te oneone, kātahi ka:
– ka mimitia e ngā tipu,
– ka haria e te wai rere ki roto i ngā wai,
– ka memeha rānei ki roto i te wai whenua.
He rerekē te nui o te pūhaumāota i roto i te oneone i runga i te pūtake, te āhuarangi, me ngā mahi matū whenua o te rohe. Ko ngā oneone i hangaia mai i ngā toka whai pūhaumāota ka puta he tipu he nui ake te nui o te pūhaumāota, ahakoa he rerekē te kaha mimiti o ia momo tipu.
5. Ētahi tipu me ngā hua tipu
Ka taea e ngā tipu te mimiti i te fluoride mai i te oneone me te wai, ahakoa kāore te nuinga o ngā tipu e kohi nui ana. Heoi, e mōhiotia ana kei roto i ētahi hua tipu he nui ake te taumata o te fluoride, pēnei i:
– Tī (Camellia sinensis): Ka taea e ngā rau tī te kohikohi i te fluoride mai i te oneone, ka waiho te tī kua kohuatia hei puna tūturu nui o te fluoride hei inu i ia rā. Ka rerekē te ihirangi i runga i te takenga mai o te rau, te pakeke (he nui ake ngā taumata o ngā rau tawhito), me te tikanga tunu.
– Ētahi huawhenua me ngā kōpura: he iti noa te nui o te wai i roto i te nuinga o te wā, engari ka piki ake mēnā ka whakatōkia ki te oneone he nui te hauhā, he wai whakamakuku rānei he nui te hauhā.
– Ngā hua tukatuka tipu: ka taea e te nui o te pūkawai te "whai" i ngā rauemi mata me te wai e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga tukatuka.
He mea nui kia mōhiotia: ehara i te mea he "kino" tonu te inu tī, engari ko te inu nui rawa—ina koa mēnā he nui te fluoride i roto i te puna wai—ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te inu.
6. Kai kararehe me kai moana
Ka uru atu hoki te pūhaumāota ki te mekameka kai mā te wai me te kai. I roto i ngā kai kararehe, ka rerekē ngā taumata pūhaumāota, ā, he maha ngā wā ka teitei ake i ētahi wāhi:
– Ika me ngā kaimoana: Kei roto i te taiao moana ngā kohuke rewa, ā, he nui ake te taumata o te fluoride i roto i ētahi rauropi moana. I roto i ngā ika, he nui ake te taumata o te fluoride i roto i ngā wheua me te kiri i roto i te kikokiko.
– Ngā hua kararehe (mīti, miraka, hua manu): he iti noa te nui o te fluoride kei roto, engari ka pāngia pea e te nui o te fluoride i roto i te wai inu kararehe, te whāngai kararehe, me ngā āhuatanga taiao.
I ētahi hapori takutai moana, ko te nui o te kai ika te take pea o te kai māori i te pūhaumāota, ahakoa ehara i te mea koinei anake te take matua.
7. Ngā tote me ngā kohuke tūturu (kei te pūtake)
Ko te tote tēpu he konutai pūhaumāota te nuinga, engari ko te tote mai i ngā maina, i te mimiti wai rānei, tera pea he iti noa iho ngā kohuke, tae atu ki te pūhaumāota, i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te putunga. Haunga te tote, tera pea he rerekē te nui o te pūhaumāota i roto i ētahi atu puna kohuke taiao, pērā i te wai kohuke, i ētahi toka parataiao rānei.
He mea nui kia wehewehea te fluoride e puta noa ana i te taiao, e ahu mai ana i ngā putunga whenua, me te fluoride i tāpirihia (hei tauira, mā te whakapakari, te whakapūngao rānei i te fluoride). E arotahi ana tēnei tuhinga ki ngā pūtake taiao, engari i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā, ka taea e ngā mea e rua te whakakotahi hei āwhina i te pānga katoa.
8. Ngā mahi waiariki me ngā wāhi puia
Ko ngā wāhi he nui ngā mahi waiariki—pērā i ngā puna wera—he maha ngā wā he rerekē te matū wai, tae atu ki te nui ake o te nui o te fluoride. Nā te mea:
– ka tere ake te whakarewa o ngā kohuke i te wai wera,
– he kaha te taunekeneke i waenga i te wai me ngā toka i roto i te pūnaha waiariki,
– tae atu ki te aroaro o ngā otinga hau me ngā kohuke mai i te hohonutanga o te whenua.
Me aro te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā puna wera hei puna wai (hei tauira mō te kaukau, mō te inu rānei) ki te kounga matū o te wai, tae atu ki ngā taumata o te pūhaumāota.
9. Puehu taiao me ngā haurehu moana
I runga i te tauine iti engari he mea nui tonu, ka taea e te fluoride te neke mā roto i ngā matūriki angiangi:
– Ka taea e te puehu oneone i ngā wāhi maroke te kawe i ngā kohuke pūhaumāota, ka hongia, ka whakatakotoria rānei ki runga i ngā tipu.
– Ka tau pea ngā haunga moana (ngā wai moana e turuturu ana ki ngā matūriki) ki ngā takutai moana, ā, ka puta he iti noa iho o ngā kohuke rewa ki te taiao e karapoti ana.
He iti ake te takoha a tēnei ara i tō te wai inu, engari tera pea ka whai wāhi ia ki ētahi wāhi me te pānga nui haere.
He aha te mea nui kia mōhio ki ngā pūtake o te fluoride tūturu?
Ko te nui o te fluoride e kainga ana e te tangata he huinga o te wai inu, te kai/inu, me ngā tikanga o ia rā. Mēnā he nui te taumata o te fluoride i roto i tētahi puna wai – ina koa ko te wai whenua – ka piki ake te pānga, kāore e kitea. I tetahi atu taha, ki te iti rawa ngā taumata, kāore pea e tino pai ngā painga tiaki mō te pirau niho (ahakoa he kaha tonu te pānga o te akuaku o te waha, te kai huka, me te urunga atu ki te tiaki hauora).
Ko ngā mahi whaihua e tūtohutia pinepinetia ana ko:
1. Tirohia te kounga o te wai (ina koa ko te wai puna) mā roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga, tae atu ki ngā tawhā o te fluoride.
2. Arotakehia ngā pūtake kai: ahakoa he nui te tī e inu ana koe, he nui te wai puna e whakamahia ana mō te tunu kai, he nui rānei te waiariki e noho ana koe.
3. Whakahaerehia te pānga mēnā e tika ana, hei tauira mā te whiriwhiri i ētahi atu puna wai, mā te whakamahi rānei i te maimoatanga wai e tika ana (i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe).
Te Katinga
He rerekē ngā pūtake taiao o te fluoride, engari ko ngā pūtake tino nui o te oranga o ia rā e ahu mai ana i te wai, inā koa ko te wai whenua, me ētahi kai me ngā inu, pērā i te tī me te kaimoana. Nā ngā āhuatanga whenua, te āhuarangi, me ngā tikanga kai ka rerekē te pānga o te fluoride i waenga i ngā rohe me ngā tāngata takitahi. Mā te mārama ki ngā pūtake rerekē o te fluoride tūturu, ka taea e tātou te whakatau whai whakaaro mō te wai inu, te kai, me ngā mahi hei pupuri i te hauora niho me te hauora whānui.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki Initonīhia—hei tauira, te tāpiri i ngā tauira o ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te nui o te fluoride, me pēhea te whakamātautau i te wai puna, ngā taunakitanga rānei mō ngā rohe haumaru i runga i ngā paerewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
