Ngā Momo Pahūtanga Puia me ō rātou Āhuatanga
Ko ngā puia tētahi o ngā āhuatanga taiao tino hihiri o te Ao. I raro i ō rātou āhua ataahua, ka rongoa e ngā puia he pūngao nui ka taea te tuku i ngā wā katoa mā roto i ngā pahūtanga. Ka puta ngā pahūtanga ina piki ake te magma mai i raro i te mata nā te rerekētanga o te pēhanga hau me te mātotoru, kātahi ka pahū hei rangitoto, pungarehu, toka mura, hau puia rānei. He mea whakamīharo, he rerekē ngā pahūtanga. Ko ētahi he "mārie" ka rere hei rangitoto, ko ētahi he tino pahū, ka ruaki i ngā pou pungarehu ki te āhuarangi. Nā ēnei rerekētanga ka puta he whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo pahūtanga, ia momo he āhuatanga, he take, me ngā tūmomo mōrearea.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka pāngia te momo pahūtanga e te matotoru o te magma, te nui o te hau, te hanganga matū (hei tauira, te basaltic, te andesitic, te rhyolitic), me te āhua o te awaawa magma. Ko te matotoru o te magma, ko te uaua ake o te puta o te hau, ka taea ai te hanga pēhanga me te whakaoho i te pahūtanga. I tetahi atu taha, ko te magma angiangi ka taea ai te puta o te hau, ka nui ake te rere (puku) o ngā pahūtanga i te pahūtanga (pahūtanga).
1. Te pahūtanga o Hawai'i
Ko ngā pahūtanga momo Hawai'i e mōhiotia ana he pahūtanga marino. Ko te magma he mea hanga ki te basaltic, he wai, he wera hoki, e āhei ai te rere o te rangitoto ki tawhiti. Ko ngā āhuatanga motuhake ko ngā puna rangitoto me ngā rerenga rangitoto e hanga ana i ngā awa rangitoto i runga i ngā pari.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– He rangitoto tino wai, he roa ngā rerenga o te rangitoto e tino kitea ana.
– He pahūtanga iti, he tata kore rānei.
– He iti noa iho ngā rauemi mura kikokore (te pungarehu, te rapa).
– Ka hanga he puia whakangungu rakau me ngā pari ngawari.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
Ko te tino mōrearea ko ngā rerenga rangitoto, ka kino pea ki ngā kāinga, ki te whenua, me ngā hanganga. Ahakoa he roa ake te wā whakawātea i ngā pahūtanga pahū, ka noho tonu ngā rerenga rangitoto hei whakamate mena ka āraia tō rātou ara e ngā kāinga.
2. Te pahūtanga o Strombolian
Ko te momo Strombolian e tohuhia ana e ngā pahūtanga ā-wā e pupuhi ana i ngā poma puia, ngā lapilli, me ētahi pungarehu. Ka puta ēnei pahūtanga ina ara ake ngā mirumiru hau nui (ngā ngata hau) ka pahū ki te mata o te rua. He nui ake te pahūtanga i ngā pahūtanga o Hawai'i, engari he ngawari te kaha i te nuinga o te wā.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– He pupūtanga i ētahi wā, ehara i te mea tonu.
– Ka puta he pahūtanga o ngā poma puia kanapa.
– Kāore te pou pahūtanga i te tino teitei.
– Ka taea e te rangitoto te rere, engari kāore i te kaha i ngā wā katoa.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
Ko te mōrearea nui rawa atu ko te makanga o ngā toka mura i te taha o te rua, ka taea ai e tēnei te whakakā ahi me te mate o ngā kaipiki maunga, o ngā kainoho rānei e tata ana ki te rua. Ka taea e te pungarehu te heke, engari kāore i te taumaha pērā i te wā e pahū nui ana.
3. Te Pahūtanga o te Puia o Vulcanian
He nui ake te pahūtanga o ngā pupūtanga o te Vulcanian, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai me te magma matotoru (andesitic ki dacitic). Ka taea te aukati i te awa magma e te rangitoto matotoru, ka nui haere te pēhanga hau. Ina pakaru te aukati, ka tukuna he poraka toka, he pungarehu matotoru, ka hanga he pou pupūtanga ka piki ake i ētahi kiromita.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– He pahūtanga poto engari kaha, ka taea te whakahoki anō.
– He pou pungarehu matotoru, pouri.
– He nui ngā rauemi mura ahi: te pungarehu, te rākau rīpene, ngā poraka.
– I ētahi wā ka haere tahi mai me ngā ngaru ohorere.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
Ka raru pea te manawa i te nui o te pungarehu, ka kino ngā hua, ka whakararuraru i ngā rerenga, ā, ka hinga hoki ngā tuanui mēnā ka kohia. He mea morearea hoki ngā hinganga toka nui i roto i te radius o ētahi kiromita.
4. Te Pahūtanga o Plinian (Plinian/Vesuvian)
Ko ngā pahūtanga o Plinian kei roto i ngā mea tino kaha, tino pahū hoki. I tapaina ēnei i muri i a Pliny the Younger, nāna i tuhi te pahūtanga o Maunga Vesuvius i te tau 79 AD. Ko ēnei pahūtanga he mea hono tonu ki te magma matotoru, whai rawa i te silica (dacitic-rhyolitic) me te nui o te hau. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā pou pahūtanga te piki ake i ngā tekau kiromita, tae atu ki te stratosphere.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– He tino teitei te pou pahūtanga, ā, he tonu tonu.
– Ka horapa whānuitia te pungarehu e te hau, ka taea te whiti i ngā porowini me ngā whenua.
– Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā rerenga pyroclastic mēnā ka hinga te pou.
– He maha ngā wā ka puta te rangitoto ina konatunatua ki te ua, ki te wai awa rānei.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
He whānui ngā tūponotanga: te hekenga o te pungarehu ā-rohe, te whakararuraru i ngā rererangi, te kino o ngā mahi ahuwhenua, me te riri o ngā rerenga tere me te wera o ngā mura ahi. He maha ngā wā ka puta he raruraru ā-tangata nā ngā pahūtanga o Plinian nā te nui o te pānga.
5. Te Pahūtanga o Pelean (Pelean)
Ko te momo Pelean e pā ana ki ngā pahūtanga e uru ana ki te hanganga o te kōpuku rangitoto mai i te magma matotoru rawa. Ka taea e tēnei kōpuku te hinga i ngā wā katoa, ka puta he rerenga pyroclastic, he kapua wera rānei e tere heke iho ana i te awaawa. Ko te ingoa "Pelean" i ahu mai i Maunga Pelée i Martinique, i pahū i te tau 1902.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Ka puta he kōpuku rangitoto matotoru ki te tihi/kakara.
– Nā te hinganga o te tuanui i puta ai he kapua wera nui.
– Tērā pea ka puta ngā pou pungarehu, engari kāore i te teitei pērā i ngā pou Plinian.
– Ka roa pea ngā mahi (mai i ngā wiki ki ngā marama).
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
Ko ngā kapua wera te tūmomo mōrearea matua: ka taea e ō rātou pāmahana te eke ki ngā rau nekehanga Celsius, ā, he tino teitei te tere, me whakawātea i mua i te wā. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā horonga rauemi te aukati i ngā awa me te whakaoho i ngā lahar.
6. Te pahūtanga o Surtseyan (Surtseyan)
Ka puta te pahūtanga o Surtseyan ina tūtaki te magma ki te wai moana, ki te wai pāpaku rānei, ka hua ake he pahūtanga phreatomagmatic (he hua o te taunekeneke magma-wai). I tapaina tēnei momo i muri i te moutere o Surtsey i Iceland, i puta mai i tētahi pahūtanga i raro i te wai i ngā tau 1960.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Te pahūtanga nā te pānga o te magma ki te wai.
– Ka puta te mamaoa wai, te pungarehu angiangi, me te "puku turanga" (te pupuhi taha).
– Ka taea te hanga moutere hou, ngā mowhiti tuff rānei.
– Kāore he aha i te nuinga o te wā ka puta te pungarehu nā te mea kua pakarukaru rawa te magma.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
Ko ngā tūponotanga matua ko ngā rauemi e whiua ana, ngā ngaru taha, me te whakararuraru i ngā kaipuke me ngā rererangi i te rohe. Mēnā ka pā tata ki te takutai, ka taea e ngā pānga te tae atu ki ngā kāinga takutai.
7. Te Pahūtanga o te Hau
Ko te pahūtanga freatika he pahūtanga e ahu mai ana i te mamaoa wai, kaua i te tukunga tika o te magma hou. Ka huri te wai whenua, te wai mata rānei e werahia ana e te toka wera hei mamaoa pēhanga teitei, ka pahū, ka pupuhi i te pungarehu, te paru, me te toka tawhito mai i te pūaha.
Ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Kāore i te haere tahi mai me te rangitoto hou, te magma rānei i ngā wā katoa.
– Ka ohorere pea ngā pahūtanga, ā, ka uaua ki te matapae.
– Ko te nuinga o te wā he kongakonga toka tawhito te āhua o ngā rauemi e puta mai ana.
– Ka puta whakarere mai pea ngā pou mamaoa me te pungarehu.
Ngā pānga me ngā tūponotanga:
He morearea ngā pahūtanga puia nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka puta kāore he tohu puia e kitea ana, ā, ka pāngia pea te iwi e tata ana ki te rua. He mōrearea nui te hinganga o ngā toka me te pungarehu o te rohe, inā koa ki ngā tūruhi me ngā kaimahi i te rohe tihi.
Te Mārama ki ngā Momo Pahūtanga hei Whakaiti i te Pahūtanga
Ehara i te mea he mātauranga noa iho te mōhio ki ngā momo pahūtanga. He mea nui ēnei mōhiotanga mō te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino: te whakatau i ngā rohe tūpono, ngā huarahi whakawātea, me te whakarite mō te hapori. Ko ngā pahūtanga pupū pērā i Hawai'i me aroturuki i ngā rerenga rangitoto me te tiaki i ngā hanganga, ko ngā pahūtanga pūpū pērā i a Plinian, i a Pelean rānei me tere te whakawātea nā te mea kei te tūpono ngā rerenga mura me te horapa o te pungarehu. I Indonesia, kei te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te pahūtanga he mea nui ki te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mate.
Hei whakamutunga, he "momo pahūtanga" anō tō ia puia, ka taea te whakarerekē i roto i te wā, i runga i te āhua o tōna magma me te pūnaha puia. Nō reira, ko te aroturukitanga a ngā tari rangahau puia, te piri ki ngā taunakitanga mō ngā rohe tūpono, me te mātauranga tūmatanui te huinga pai rawa atu mō te tangata kia noho haumaru ake me ngā puia.
