Ngā Momo Hanganga Matawhenua me Tō Rātou Hiranga i roto i te Tūhuratanga
Ko ngā hanganga whenua ko ngā āhua, ngā hanganga, me ngā whakarerekētanga o ngā toka i roto i te kirinuku o Papatūānuku e hangaia ana e ngā kaha tektonika rerekē, pērā i te pēhanga (kōpeketanga), te kukū (toronga), te kutikuti, te whakakotahitanga rānei o ēnei. Ka uru pea ki roto i ēnei hanganga ngā takai, ngā hapa, ngā whati, me ētahi atu āhuatanga e pā ana ki te tūranga, te matotoru, me te wātea o ngā rauemi taiao. I roto i te horopaki o te tūhuratanga—ahakoa mō ngā kohuke, te hinu me te hau, te waiariki, te wai whenua rānei—he mea nui te mārama ki ngā hanganga whenua nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā hanganga hei "ara" mō te rere o te wai, hei "mahanga" mō ngā hauwaiwai, hei "whakahaere" rānei i te wāhi o te whakapūtanga o ngā kohuke.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā momo hanganga whenua e kitea whānuitia ana, me ngā take he aha i tino hira ai ēnei i roto i ngā mahi tūhuratanga.
-
1. Hanganga Tuatahi me te Hanganga Tuarua
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā hanganga whenua ki ngā wāhanga nui e rua:
1. Ngā hanganga tuatahi, arā, ngā hanganga ka puta i te wā e hangaia ai ngā toka. Ko ētahi tauira ko te takotoranga parataiao, te takotoranga whakawhiti, me ngā hanganga rere rangitoto.
2. Ngā hanganga tuarua, arā, ngā hanganga ka puta i muri i te hanganga o ngā toka nā te whakarerekētanga o te whenua, te āhua o te whenua, ētahi atu tukanga whenua rānei. Hei tauira, ko ngā kopa, ngā hapa, ngā hononga, te whakarārangi rau, me te whakarārangi.
I roto i ngā tūhuratanga, he mea nui ngā hanganga tuatahi mō te mārama ki te taiao whakatakoto whenua, ki te rere rānei o te rangitoto, ko ngā hanganga tuarua ia ngā mea matua e whakatau ana i ngā ara hekenga wai me te hanganga o ngā mahanga, o ngā rohe kohatu rānei.
-
2. Ngā Kōpaki
Ko ngā takai he hanganga e puta ana ina piko ngā paparanga toka nā te kaha pēhanga. He mea noa te kitea o ngā takai i ngā rohe maunga takai, pērā i ngā pewa ōroke.
Ngā momo takai
– Ā-antikīni: he takotoranga piko whakarunga; ko ngā toka tawhito kei waenganui o te takotoranga.
– Syncline: he kōpuku piko whakarunga; ko ngā toka taitamariki kei te pūtake o te kōpuku.
– Monocline: ka takai kotahi te taha, pērā i te "arawhata" i roto i ngā paparanga.
– Te takai huripoki: ka hurihia tetahi o ngā parirau o te takai kia kotahi te ahunga e anga ana ngā parirau e rua.
– Te takotoranga takoto: he tata whakapae te papa o te tuaka takotoranga.
Te hiranga o ngā whāriki i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau: ko ngā arai pari tētahi o ngā mahanga hanganga tino rongonui ka taea te kohikohi i ngā hauwaiwai, inā koa mēnā he pai te hiri.
– Te tūhuratanga kohuke: ka taea e ngā kopa te whakahaere i te tohatoha o ngā uaua kohuke, ngā rohe whakarerekētanga, me te tūranga o ngā paparanga kei roto i ngā putunga parataiao-puha, i ngā putunga paparanga rānei.
– Wai whenua: ka pā ngā takai ki te āhua o ngā puna wai me te ahunga o te rere o te wai whenua, inā koa i roto i ngā peihana parataiao takai.
-
3. Ngā Hapa
Ko te hapa he pakaru i roto i te toka me te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i ngā poraka toka. Ka puta ngā hapa ina nui ake te taumahatanga i te kaha o te toka, ka "pakaru" te toka, ka neke.
Ngā momo hapa
– Ngā hapa noa: ka puta mai i ngā kaha toronga; ka heke te poraka iri ki raro. He mea noa i ngā rohe pakaru me te totoro.
– Hapa whakamuri: ka puta mai i te pēhanga; ka ara ake te poraka iri.
– Hapa pana: he momo hapa pana he ngawari te pikinga o te papa o te hapa; he maha ngā wā ka taupatupatu ngā toka tawhito ki runga i ngā toka taitamariki.
– Hapa paheke-paheke: te nekehanga whakapae matua; kei roto ko ngā hapa dextral (matau) me ngā hapa sinistral (maui).
– He hapa paheke-piko: he huinga o te nekehanga poutū me te nekehanga whakapae.
Te hiranga o ngā hapa i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Ngā ara wai waiariki: he maha ngā putunga koura epithermal, porphyry, me te skarn e hono ana ki ngā rohe hapa nā te mea he nui te uruhanga o ngā wai e mau ana i te konganuku nā ngā hapa.
– Ngā mahanga hinu me te hau: Ka taea e ngā hapa te huri hei mahanga mēnā ka nekehia te toka puna wai ki te taumahatanga, ka hanga hei mahanga hapa. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e ngā hapa te mahi hei ara turuturu mēnā he uruhanga.
– Ngā Pūnaha Waiariki: He nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā pūnaha waiariki ki te uruhanga, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā whakawhitiwhitinga hapa me ngā pakaru. He maha ngā wā ka arohia ngā rohe whakawhitiwhitinga hapa e ngā puna.
– Ngā mōrearea matawhenua: i roto i te tūhuratanga me te whakawhanaketanga maina, ka pā te noho mai o ngā hapa ki te pumau o te pari, te hoahoa o te kauhanga, me te haumaru mahi.
-
4. Ngā Hononga me ngā Whati
Ko te whati he whati i roto i te toka kāore he nekehanga nui. Ko te kupu whati he mea whānui ake te whakamahinga mō ngā momo whati katoa, tae atu ki ngā whati moroiti.
Momo me te tauira o te uaua
– Te kumekume o ngā hononga nā te toronga.
– Ngā hononga kutikuti nā ngā kaha kutikuti.
– Huinga hononga: he rōpū hononga he rite te aronga.
– Pūnaha hononga: he maha ngā huinga hononga e whakawhiti ana.
Te hiranga i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Te uruhanga o te toka: i roto i ngā toka mura me ngā toka āhua-hurihuri, he iti te nuinga o te wā o te uruhanga tuatahi. Ko ngā hononga ngā kaiwhakahaere matua o te uruhanga, e awe ana i te rere. wai whenua, te waiariki, ki te hekenga o ngā wai kohuke.
– Te whakapūngao o te uaua: he maha ngā putunga uaua kuata kei roto ko te koura, te hiriwa, ngā konganuku turanga rānei e whakakī ana i ngā whati me ngā hononga.
– Ngā mahi keri: ka pā te takotoranga me te mātotoru o ngā hononga ki te pakaru o te toka, te pumau o te whakatuwheratanga, me te hoahoa pahūtanga.
-
5. Hanganga Māeneene: Te Rau, Te Schistosity, me te Raina
Ina rerekē te āhua o ngā toka i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei ake (hei tauira i te hohonutanga), ka ngāwari te āhua (kirihou) ka hanga hanganga huripokitia.
– Te rau: ngā papa whakarara e puta mai ana i te papatahi o ngā kohuke (hei tauira, te papa kōwhai ki te gneiss).
– Te Schistosity: he momo rau kaha i roto i ngā toka schist.
– Te whakarārangi: te hanganga roa (rārangi) nā te whakaroa o te kohuke, nā ngā kita moroiti rānei.
Te hiranga i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Te whakahaere i ngā putunga koura ā-oro: he maha ngā putunga koura ā-oro e pā ana ki ngā rohe kutikuti ngawari-pakaru, te rau, me ngā whitiki whakarerekētanga ā-rohe.
– Te whakatau i te ahunga ahotea: ka āwhina te whakarārangi me te whakarārangi rau ki te whakamārama i te hītori o te whakarerekētanga, te ahunga kawe tectonic, me ngā rohe e tumanakohia ana mō te whakapūtanga o ngā kohuke.
– Ngā rangahau hangarau whenua: ka ngoikore pea te horapa o ngā rau ka pā ki te pumau o ngā pari o te poka tuwhera, o ngā pakitara kauhanga rānei.
-
6. Ngā Hanganga o te Puna me te Āmio
I runga i te tauine rohe, ka taea e ngā hanganga whenua te hanga:
– Te puna parataiao: he wāhi totohu e pupū ake ai ngā parataiao matotoru, koinei te nuinga o te wā e whai wāhi ana ki te tūhuratanga hinu, hau me te waro.
– Te tuanui: he wāhi teitei; ka taea te hanga mā te urutomo o te makutu, te hiki tekonika, te diapir rānei.
Te tūranga i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Te hinu, te hau me te waro: ko te puna te kaiwhakahaere o te matotoru o te toka pūtake, te pakeketanga wera, me te āhua o te mahanga.
– Ngā tote/ngā diapir (ngā pona tote): ka taea te hanga i ngā mahanga hauwaiwai, me te awe anō hoki i te tohatoha ahotea me ngā ara hekenga wai.
-
7. Hanganga Rohe Kutikuti
Ko te rohe kutikuti he rohe tino rerekē te āhua—he pakarukaru, he ngāwari, he ranu rānei—he whānui te roa, ā, he whatunga o ngā pakaru/ngā whakatikatika toka.
Te hiranga i roto i te tūhuratanga
– Ngā ara whakapūngao: he maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā rohe kutikuti hei "ara" mō ngā wai waiariki, hei whakahaere i ngā putunga koura orogenic, ngā konganuku turanga, tae atu ki ngā kohuke whenua onge i ētahi wāhi.
– Te arotahi: he rautaki noa te whakatau i te wāhi e tūtaki ai ngā rohe kutikuti me te hanganga matū tauhohe (hei tauira, ngā toka warowaihā mō te skarn).
-
8. He aha te hiranga o te hanganga matawhenua i roto i te tūhuratanga?
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā hanganga whenua mō ētahi take matua:
1. Te whakahaere i te ara hekenga wai
Ka neke ngā wai (wai wera, waiariki, hinu me te hau) mā roto i ngā rohe uruhanga. He maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā hapa, ngā hononga, me ngā rohe kutikuti hei "paipa" tūturu.
2. Te hanga mahanga me te kohikohi
I roto i ngā pūnaha hinu me te hau, he mea tino nui ngā mahanga hanganga pērā i ngā anticlines, ngā mahanga hapa, me ngā mahanga e pā ana ki te tote mō te angitu o ngā tūhuratanga.
3. Whakatauhia te tūranga me āhua onepū
Ngā rota ngā putunga kohuke i hangaia ki ngā wāhi motuhake: ngā whakawhitiwhitinga hapa, ngā tihi piko, ngā hononga ā-waikura rānei kua pāngia e te whakarerekētanga.
4. Whakaitihia ngā mōrearea tūhuratanga
Mā te tauira hanganga pai ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā whāinga keri, te whakaiti i ngā poka maroke, i ngā poka keri rānei e ngaro ana i te rohe kohatu.
5. Te awe ki te hoahoa me te haumaru
Ka awehia ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā hapa hohe, ngā papa rau, me ngā pūnaha whati pumau o te pari me ngā whakatuwheratanga o raro whenua.
-
Te Katinga
He mahi nui tā ngā hanganga whenua—ahakoa he takai, he hapa, he hononga, he rau, he takotoranga, he rohe kutikuti rānei—i roto i te hanganga, te whakawhāiti, me te tiaki i ngā rauemi o te Ao. I roto i te tūhuratanga hou, ehara i te mea mā te tirotiro whenua anake ka mahia te mahere hanganga, engari mā te tautoko hoki i ngā tikanga matawhenua, ngā whakaahua amiorangi, te tātari matawhenua, me te whakatauira 3D. Mā te whakauru i ēnei raraunga katoa, ka taea e ngā kaihōpara te mārama ake ki te "hoahoa" o raro i te mata, te whakanui ake i ngā tūponotanga o te kitenga, me te hoahoa i ngā mahi tūhura me te whakawhanake haumaru ake, whai hua ake hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia hāngai ake ki ngā kohuke, te hinu me te hau, te tūhuratanga waiariki rānei, me ngā rangahau take i Initonīhia me tētahi rārangi pukapuka poto.
