Te Hononga i waenga i te Matawhenua me te Ahupūngao o Papatūānuku
Ko te Matawhenua me te Ahupūngao o Papatūānuku (matawhenua) he kaupapa e rua e hono tata ana ki te māramatanga ki te ao e noho nei tātou. Ko te Matawhenua e aro ana ki ngā rauemi e hanga ana i te Papatūānuku, tōna hītori, me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i tōna mata me roto. I taua wā, ka whakamahia e te Matawhenua ngā mātāpono ā-tinana hei tirotiro i te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā hihiri o Papatūānuku mā te ine me te whakatauira. Kāore ēnei e rua e tū motuhake tetahi ki tetahi: ko te matawhenua e whakarato ana i te horopaki me te "kōrero" mō Papatūānuku, ko te Matawhenua ia e whakarato ana i ngā "taputapu" hei whakamātautau ine, hei ine, hei mahere i taua kōrero. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou te hononga o ēnei e rua, ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana, me te take he mea nui te mahi tahi o te matawhenua me te matawhenua ki te oranga o ēnei rā.
Matawhenua: Te Pānui i ngā Mahi a te Ao
Ka taea te whakaaro ko te matawhenua te pūtaiao o te pānui i ngā "pūranga" o te Ao. Kei roto i ngā toka, ngā kōiwi tawhito, ngā paparanga parataiao, me ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā takai me ngā hapa ngā mōhiohio mō ngā kaupapa o mua—mai i te hanganga maunga me ngā mahi puia ki te huringa āhuarangi onamata . Mā roto i ngā mātakitakitanga mara, te mahere matawhenua, te tātari kohuke, me te whakatau i te tau o ngā toka (hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ine irirangi), ka hangaia e ngā tohunga matawhenua ngā whakamārama mō te whanaketanga o tētahi rohe i roto i te wā.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia te matawhenua e ngā herenga: kāore e kitea tika ngā wāhanga katoa o te Ao. Kāore e taea te uru tika ki roto o te Ao—te koroka me te pūtake—engari mā te tango tauira iti noa iho (hei tauira, ngā xenolith mai i te magma) te keri rānei ki ngā hohonutanga he iti rawa te rahi ki te whakataurite ki te radius o te Ao. Koinei te wā e noho ai te matawhenua hei tāpiritanga nui.
Ahupūngao o Papatūānuku: Te Ine i te Papatūānuku Kāore e Kitea
Ko te ahupūngao o te whenua, te ahupūngao whenua rānei, e whakamahi ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana pēnei i ngā ngaru ru whenua , ngā papa tōpana, ngā papa aukume, te rere o te wera, me ngā āhuatanga hiko o ngā toka hei tirotiro i te mata o raro i ngā hohonutanga nui. Ahakoa e whakamārama ana te matawhenua i ngā mea e kitea ana, e kitea ana hoki, ka taea e te ahupūngao o te whenua te "kite" i ngā hanganga e huna ana e te oneone, te paru, me te wai moana, tae atu ki ngā mano kiromita ki roto i te whenua.
Ko ngā tikanga ā-whenua e mahi ana i runga i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā toka. Hei tauira, he nui ake te kiato o ētahi toka mura i ngā toka parataiao, he kaha ake rānei te urupare ā-aukume o ngā toka whai kohuke aukume. Mā te kite i ngā rerekētanga o ēnei āhuatanga, ka hangaia e ngā tohunga ā-whenua ngā tauira o raro i te mata, ka whakamāramahia i te taha o te mātauranga ā-whenua.
Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Huihuinga: Hanganga, Tukanga, me te Wā
E kitea mārama ana te whanaungatanga i waenga i te matawhenua me te ahupūngao o te whenua i roto i ngā āhuatanga e toru: te hanganga, te tukanga, me te wā.
1. Hanganga: Ka maherehia e te matawhenua ngā hapa, ngā kopikopiko, ngā rohe toka motuhake rānei i runga i te mata. Ka whakawhānuihia e te matawhenua taua mahere ki roto i te mata o raro, kia mārama ai tātou ki te āhuahanga toru-ahu o te takotoranga parataiao, te ahunga tōtō o te hapa hohe, te āhua rānei o te ruma magma.
2. Ngā Tukanga: Ka whakamārama te matawhenua i ngā tukanga pēnei i te ruku, te pakaru, te hanganga puia, te horo, me te whakatō. Ka āwhina te matawhenua i te ine i ēnei tukanga mā te rahinga: te tere o te nekehanga o ngā pereti, te tohatoha o te ahotea i roto i te kirinuku, te whakaata rānei o te rere o te wera i te mahi a te papa raro.
3. Wā: He kaha te matawhenua ki te hanga anō i ngā hītori roa (miriona ki ngā piriona tau). He tino pai te matawhenua ki te aroturuki i ngā tukanga "wā-tūturu" me ngā tukanga wā-poto—hei tauira, te aroturuki i ngā rū whenua , te whakarerekētanga o te puia, me ngā huringa o te papa tōpana nā te whakawhiti papatipu. Ina honoa, ka whiwhi tātou i tētahi pikitia o te whanaketanga o te Ao me ngā whanaketanga tonu.
Ngā Ngaru Ru: Ngā Piriti Rongonui
Ko te tauira tino kitea o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te matawhenua me te ahupūngao o Papatūānuku ko te ru whenua. Ina puta he rū whenua, ka horapa ngā ngaru ru whenua puta noa i te Papatūānuku, ka huri te tere me te ahunga i runga i te reo e haerehia ana e rātou. Mai i ngā karamu ru whenua, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatau i ngā momo toka, ngā rohe paparanga, tae atu ki te noho mai o ngā rohe rewa wāhanga.
Ki ngā tohunga whenua, ka āwhina ēnei mōhiotanga ki te whakamārama i ngā hanganga tektonika: kei hea ngā hapa hohe, me pēhea te hanganga o ngā rohe toremi , me te take he ngāwari te rū whenua o tētahi rohe. I tētahi atu taha, me mārama te whakamārama rū whenua ki te whenua kia kore ai ngā tauira kua whakawhanakehia e hangai noa ki te pāngarau engari kia whakaata hoki i te mooni o ngā toka me ngā tukanga tektonika. Arā, mā te whenua ka whakaratohia he raraunga, mā te whenua ka whakaratohia he tikanga.
Te Āhuatanga Taumaha me te Ao Whenua: Te Ine i te Kiato o te Ao
Ka inehia e ngā tikanga taumahatanga te rerekētanga iti o te whakaterenga taumahatanga i ngā wāhi rerekē. Ka puta pea ēnei rerekētanga i ngā huringa o te mātotoru o ngā toka o raro i te mata. Hei tauira, ka taea e te urunga mai o te ahi nui te whakaputa i tētahi āhua rerekē o te taumahatanga pai, engari ka taea e te puna oneone matotoru, iti te mātotoru te whakaputa i tētahi āhua rerekē kino.
I roto i te matawhenua, he tino whai hua ngā raraunga ā-papa mō te mahere i ngā puna parataiao (he mea nui mō te tūhuratanga wai whenua, te hinu, me te hau), te kimi i ngā hanganga kōhao tote, te whakatau tata rānei i te matotoru o te kiripaka. Heoi, ehara i te mea ahurei te whakamaoritanga ā-papa: he maha ngā tauira rerekē ka taea te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā mōhiohio matawhenua pēnei i ngā momo toka, ngā raraunga puna, me ngā mahere mata hei whakawhāiti i ngā tauira ka taea.
Aukumetanga: Ngā Tohu mō te Hītori o te Toka me te Tektonika
Ka inehia e ngā tikanga aukume ngā rerekētanga o te papa aukume o te Ao i puta mai i ngā toka aukume. Ko ngā toka ngangana, inā koa ko ērā kei roto te aukumeiti, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatu i ngā urupare aukume kaha. Ka taea e ngā rangahau aukume te āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā rohe toka, ngā ara urutomo, tae atu ki ngā hanganga o raro i raro i ngā paru.
I te ao whānui, ko te paleomagnetism—te ako i ngā rekoata aukume i roto i ngā toka—he taunakitanga nui mō te ariā o te tectonics pereti . Ka whakaratohia e te matawhenua ngā tauira toka me te horopaki stratigraphic, ko te ahupūngao o Papatūānuku ia ka whakaratohia ngā tikanga ine aukume me te whakatauira. Ko te hua he māramatanga mō te nekenekehanga whenua, te hanganga moana, me te hanga anō i ngā tūranga pereti o mua.
Ngā Tikanga Hiko me te Aukume Hiko: Ngā Wai o raro i te Mata
Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga hiko whenua me te hikohiko ngā rerekētanga o te ātete toka. Ko te wai whenua, ko ngā wai waiariki, ko ngā rohe uku rānei he iti te ātete, ko ngā toka maroke, nunui ia he nui ake te ātete. I roto i te matawhenua taiao me te matawhenua wai, ka whakamahia pinepinetia ēnei tikanga hei mahere i ngā rohe wai, te poke, te wai tote-māori rānei i ngā rohe takutai.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā puia me te pūngao waiariki, ka taea e ngā tikanga ātete te tautuhi i ngā rohe o te whakarerekētanga waiariki me ngā ara wai wera. Kātahi ka whakamāramahia e ngā tohunga whenua mēnā kei te hono ēnei rohe ki ngā pūnaha hapa, ki ngā toka taupoki, ki ngā puna waiariki pea rānei.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Ao Tūturu: Mai i te Whakaiti i ngā Āhuatanga Kino ki te Pūngao
He pānga tika tō te mahi tahi a te matawhenua me te ahupūngao whenua ki te oranga o ia rā. I roto i te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino, ka honoa te mahere matawhenua o ngā hapa hohe me ngā raraunga ru whenua me te whenua (hei tauira, te GPS me te InSAR) hei mārama ki ngā rū whenua me te nekehanga whenua pea. I roto i ngā puia, ka honoa ngā tirohanga matawhenua o te hītori o te pahūtanga me te ru whenua, te whakarerekētanga, me te aroturuki hau hei matapae i te pikinga o ngā mahi.
I roto i te rāngai pūngao me ngā rauemi, ka whakamahia e te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau te whakaata o te ru whenua hei mahere i te raro whenua, engari me mārama te whakamaoritanga ki te stratigraphy me te matawhenua hinu. I roto i te keri, ka āwhina ngā raraunga aukume me te kaha ā-papa ki te tautuhi i ngā tinana konganuku, ko te matawhenua ia ka whakatau i ngā momo putunga me ngā tukanga hanganga. Mō te pūngao waiariki, ka maherehia e te matawhenua ngā hanganga me ngā wai, ko te matawhenua ia ka whakarite kia rite te tauira ki te lithology me te whakarerekētanga.
He aha e kore ai e taea te wehe i tēnei whanaungatanga?
Ko te matawhenua me te matawhenua he taha e rua o te kaupapa kotahi: te mārama ki te Ao whānui. He tino pai te matawhenua i roto i te tirotiro tika, te whakamārama hītori, me te horopaki rauemi. He tino pai te matawhenua i roto i ngā ine ā-kore, te whakatauira tauanga, me te kaha ki te kite hohonu i raro i te mata. Ina honoa ngā mea e rua, ka whiwhi tātou i tētahi māramatanga tino whānui, tika ake, me te whai pānga ki te aro atu ki ngā wero o te ao tūturu—mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao ki ngā raruraru wai ki ngā hiahia pūngao.
Hei whakamutunga, he pūnaha matatini a Papatūānuku e whakahaerehia ana i ngā tauine katoa: mai i ngā kohuke moroiti ki ngā nekehanga whenua o ngā pereti whenua, mai i ngā tukanga e puta ana i roto i ngā hēkona pērā i ngā rū whenua ki te whanaketanga e roa ana mō ngā miriona tau. Hei mārama, hei aromatawai, hei mahere hoki i ēnei pūnaha, me mahi tahi te matawhenua me te ahupūngao—te whakamātautau, te whakakaha, me te whakakīkī tetahi i tetahi.
