Me pēhea te whakatau i te whakatakotoranga o ngā hanganga whenua
Ko te whakatakotoranga o ngā hanganga whenua he mōhiohio matua e tika ana mō te mahere whenua, te tūhuratanga rauemi, ngā rangahau whenua, me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. Mā te mārama ki te ahunga me te hekenga o te paparanga toka, o te papa pakaru rānei, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te whakamārama i te hītori o te whakarerekētanga, te matapae i te tohatoha o te āhua o te whenua, me te aromatawai i te kore pumau o te pari. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te whakatau i te whakatakotoranga o ngā hanganga whenua, mai i ngā ariā taketake ki ngā mahi ine mara.
1. Kia mārama ki te tikanga o te "aronga" i roto i te matawhenua hanganga.
I roto i te matawhenua hanganga, ko te aronga e pā ana ki te tūranga o tētahi huānga matawhenua e pā ana ki te pūnaha taunga o te Ao. Ko te aronga e whakaatuhia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā matua e rua:
1. Aronga (pānga): te ahunga o tētahi rārangi whakapae i runga i tētahi papa (hei tauira, he papa moenga) mēnā ka tapahia te papa e tētahi mata papatahi. Ka whakaatuhia tonutia te pānga i roto i ngā nekehanga azimuthal (0°–360°), hei tauira 045°, 270° rānei.
2. Te piko: te koki o te piko o te papa ki te whakapae, e inehia ana kia poutū ki te whiu. Ko te piko kei roto ko te rahi o te piko (hei tauira, 30°, 70°) me te ahunga piko (hei tauira, rawhiti, tonga-mā-rāwhiti, uru).
Haunga ngā papa (papatahi), ka taea hoki e ngā hanganga te noho rārangi, pērā i ngā rārangi, ngā toki piko, ngā rārangi taha-kiri rānei i runga i ngā papa hapa. Mō ngā huānga rārangi, ka whakaaturia te aronga penei:
– Te ia (te ahunga o te rārangi i roto i te azimuth) me
– Te pikinga (te pikinga o te rārangi e pā ana ki te whakapae).
2. Ngā momo hanganga e inehia ana te aronga
I mua i te ine, he mea nui kia mōhio koe ki te mea e pā ana ki a koe. Ko ētahi o ngā hanganga whenua e kitea whānuitia ana ko:
– Te takotoranga i roto i ngā toka parataiao
– Te rau/te schistosis i roto i ngā toka metamorphic
– Hononga: whati kāore he nekehanga nui
– Papa hapa: papa whati me te nekehanga
– Te whakarārangitanga o te kohuke, te whakarārangitanga rānei o te taumahatanga
– Tuaka piko
Ka taea te ine i ia mea hei papa, hei rārangi rānei, ā, ka rerekē te whakamārama. Heoi, he rite tonu te mātāpono o te ine i te aronga.
3. Ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana
Ko te ine i te takotoranga o ngā hanganga whenua ka mahia mā te:
– He kāpehu whenua (Brunton, Suunto, Silva, he kāpehu whenua rite rānei) kei roto he clinometer hei ine i te koki piko.
– He pukapuka mara me te pene ārai wai (he taupānga tuhi tuhipoka matihiko rānei).
– Mahere turanga/mahere whenua, GPS, waea pūkoro rānei hei whakatau i te tūranga me te horopaki.
– He hama matawhenua me te paraihe iti (kāore e hiahiatia) hei horoi i te mata o te wāhi e inehia ana.
– Ka taea te whakamahi i te taupānga kāpehu i runga i tō waea hei tārua, engari me tūpato koe nā te mea he maha ake ngā wā ka puta te pokanoa aukume.
4. Ngā taahiraa hei whakatau i te aronga o te papa (tukituki me te heke)
a) Kōwhiria he mata papatahi e whakaatu ana i te āhua
Kia tika te whakaatu a ngā papa ine i te hanganga e hiahia ana koe ki te tuhi. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā paparanga oneone, tirohia ngā hononga paparanga mārama, kāore i te pai te āhua o te rangi. I roto i te rau kua huri hei rau, tirohia ngā paparanga tapahi ōrite.
Āta karohia ngā āpure e:
– He taratara rawa/he kore taurite,
– Kua taupokina e te oneone, e te otaota rānei, nō reira kāore i te mārama,
– Ka pāngia e ngā pānga ā-rohe (hei tauira, ngā wāhi iti i runga i tētahi wāhanga kua wehea kua hurihia kētia).
b) Inehia te whiu
Tikanga whānui:
1. Whakatakotoria te taha kāpehu ki runga i te mata o te toka.
2. Whakatikatikahia te kāpehu kia kitea rā anō te tūnga whakapae e te mirumiru taumata (mēnā kei reira) (he āhuatanga kei ētahi kāpehu hei whakarite kia tino whakapae te kāpehu).
3. Pānuihia te uara azimuth e tohu ana i te ahunga o te pānga.
Ngā Rekoata Hiranga:
– Ko te whiu te ahunga o te rārangi whakapae i runga i te papa, nō reira me whakarite kia "whakapae" te āhua.
– Ko te whiu ka whakaatuhia i te nuinga o te wā hei tau azimuth kotahi (hei tauira, 120°). Ko ētahi whakatakotoranga tawhito e whakamahi ana i ngā hauwhā (hei tauira, N60E), engari he whānui ake te azimuth.
c) Inehia te pari (hekenga)
1. Kia whiwhi koe i te tūnga, kimihia te ahunga poutū o te tūnga i runga i te papa (koinei te ahunga hekenga).
2. Whakamahia te clinometer mā te tāpiri i te kāpehu kia whakarara ki te ahunga hekenga.
3. Pānuihia te koki honga (0°–90°).
4. Kia mōhio hoki ki te ahunga o te tōnga (hei tauira, "tōnga ki te 210°" "tōnga rānei ki te Tonga-uru").
Tauira o te tuhi i ngā hua:
– Patua 120°, tōia 35° ki te 210°
te whakatakotoranga poto rānei e whakamahia pinepinetia ana:
– 120/35 SW (i runga i ngā paerewa ā-whare).
d) Whakamahia te ture ringa-matau ina hiahiatia.
I roto i ētahi paerewa o te ao, ka tuhia te pānga kia mau tonu te ahunga hekenga ki te taha matau mēnā ka whai koe i te ahunga pānga. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakarite i ngā raraunga i te wā tātari.
5. Whakatauhia te aronga o te hanganga rārangi (te ia me te heke)
Mō te whakarārangi, te whakapiko rānei i te tuaka:
1. Kimihia he rārangi mārama, hei tauira he tohu kutikuti i runga i te papa hapa, i te hononga rānei o ngā papa e rua.
2. Inehia te ia ki te kāpehu hei ahunga o te rārangi i runga i te whakaaturanga whakapae.
3. Inehia te totohu ki te clinometer hei koki piko o te rārangi mai i te whakapae.
Tauira:
– Te ia 045°, te heke 20°.
Mena kei runga i tētahi papa te rārangi (hei tauira, he taha slickenside i runga i tētahi papa hapa), ka tuhia e koe ngā mea e rua: te whakatakotoranga o te papa hapa me te whakatakotoranga o te rārangi.
6. Ngā whakatikatika noa me ngā pūtake o ngā hapa
He tino ngāwari te hapa o ngā inenga aronga mēnā kāore i te tino pai ngā āhuatanga o te mara. Anei ētahi mea hei tūpato māu:
1. Te pokanoa aukume: Mā te noho tata ki ngā waka, ki ngā taiapa whakarewa, ki ngā taura hiko, ki ngā toka whai aukumeiti, ki ngā taputapu whakarewa rānei ka rerekē te kāpehu. Puritia te kāpehu kia matara atu i ngā mea whakarewa, ā, tirohia anō.
2. Mata kore taurite: ka rerekē te pānga/te hekenga o te mata ngaru. Me ine kia maha ngā wā, ka whakamahia te uara toharite, tīpakohia rānei te wāhanga tino papatahi.
3. Ngā toka e mānu ana: ka taea e ngā toka kua nekehia te huri kia kore ai e tū tika. Whakaritea ngā toka e piri tonu ana ki te papa.
4. Ngā hapa pānui tauine: kia tika te pānui i ngā tauine azimuth me te clinometer, inā koa i runga i ngā kāpehu he rua ngā pūnaha tauine.
5. Te hekenga aukume: te rerekētanga i waenga i te raki aukume me te raki matawhenua. Mō te mahere taipitopito, whakauruhia te whakatikatika hekenga e ai ki te wāhi me te tau i inehia ai.
7. Te tuhi raraunga ki te pukapuka mara
He maha ngā wā kāore he hua o ngā raraunga aronga me te kore he horopaki. Kia mahara:
– Tauwāhi (taunga, teitei)
– Te momo hanganga (te whāriki, te rau, te hapa, te hononga)
– Uara patu-heke, ia-heke rānei
– Kounga raraunga (pai/pai/kino) me ngā take
– He tātuhi o ngā papa whenua me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hanganga
– Whakaahua me te tauine (hei tauira, te hama whenua) me te ahunga o te tango whakaahua
Ngā tuhipoka tauira:
"Sta 12, ngā taunga… Te takotoranga o te kirikiri; patu 075°, tō 25° ki te tonga-mā-rāwhiti; papa mārama, he papa hou; kei reira ngā hononga 140/80 i te tuarua o ngā huinga."
8. Te whakamāramatanga tuatahi o te aronga: he aha te whakatau?
Kia oti te kohikohi i te whakatakotoranga o ētahi pūwāhi, ka taea e koe te tīmata ki te kite i ngā tauira:
– Ko ngā paparanga e ōrite ana te ahunga me te piko e tohu ana i ngā waeine kāore i te tino piko.
– Ko ngā rerekētanga pūnaha o te whiu me te tōnga pea e tohu ana i te piko.
– Ka taea te hono atu ki ngā ahotea ā-rohe tētahi huinga o ngā aronga whati e hanga ana i ngā huinga matua e rua, e toru rānei.
– Mā te whakarārangi i runga i te papa hapa ka āwhina i te whakamaori i te ahunga nekehanga (hei tauira, te paheke whakarara) ina honoa ki ētahi atu tohu kinematic.
Hei tātari atu, ka whakaaturia ngā raraunga ki runga i tētahi whatunga stereo (kupenga Schmidt, Wulff rānei) kia kite i ngā tautau whakatakotoranga me ō rātou whanaungatanga āhuahanga.
9. Ngā tohutohu whai hua mō ngā inenga tika ake
– Me ine neke atu i te kotahi i te papa kotahi kia ōrite ai.
– Te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā mema o te tīma.
– Kaua e tere: kia tika te hono o te kāpehu, kia mau hoki.
– Kōwhiria te mea hou rawa, te mea papatahi rawa hoki.
– Penapenahia ngā raraunga i roto i tētahi whakatakotoranga ōrite mai i te tīmatanga.
Te Katinga
Ko te whakatau i te takotoranga o ngā hanganga whenua he mahi e hono ana i ngā tirohanga whenua ki ngā ariā āhuahanga. Ko ngā kī ki te angitu kei roto i ngā huānga matua e toru: te tautuhi i te hanganga tika, te ine i te hanganga mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tika (te tukituki-te hekenga, te ia-te ruku rānei), me te tuhi raraunga kia tino tika, kia rite hoki. Mā te mahi auau me te piripono ki ngā tikanga, ka whakaratohia e ngā raraunga takotoranga ka riro mai i a koe he turanga pakari mō te whakamaoritanga whenua, mō ngā kaupapa mātauranga me ngā kaupapa mahi.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi tauira pepa tuhi mara, he hōputu patu-tohunga paerewa, he aratohu tere rānei mō te whakamahi i ngā whatunga stereo hei tukatuka i ngā raraunga whakatakotoranga.
