Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Kohuke i runga i te Hanganga Matū
He wāhanga nui ngā kohuke o te kirinuku o Papatūānuku, he hanganga tioata tūturu. Kua whakarōpūhia ēnei i runga i te hanganga matū me te hanganga tioata. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te whakarōpūtanga o ngā kohuke i runga i te hanganga matū.
1. Kirikati
Ko ngā silicate te rōpū kohuke nui rawa atu, nui rawa atu hoki, e 90% pea o te kirinuku o te Ao. He silicate (SiO₂) kei roto, ā, i ētahi wā ka honoa ki ētahi atu iona konganuku. Ka wehewehea anō ngā silicate e tō rātou hanganga tetrahedral SiO₄, e hua ake ai he whānuitanga o ngā whakarōpūtanga ā-roto.
– Ngā Nesosilicates: Ngā kohuke he tetrahedron motuhake ō rātou. Ko ngā tauira noa ko te olivine me te garnet.
– Ngā Sorosilicate: Ngā tetrahedron takirua e whakamahi tahi ana i te ngota hāora kotahi. He tauira pai te Epidote.
– Ngā Inosilicates: Kei roto ko ngā hanganga mekameka kotahi me te mekameka takirua o te tetrahedron SiO₄. Ko ētahi tauira ko te pyroxene (mekameka kotahi) me te amphibole (mekameka takirua).
– Phyllosilicate: Hanganga rau o ngā tetrahedron SiO₄, pērā i te mika me te serpentine.
– Tectosilicate: He anga hanganga o ngā tetrahedron e hono tahi ana, pērā i te quartz me te feldspar.
2. Kāponāte
Ko ngā kohuke warowaihā he kohuke kei roto te anion warowaihā (CO₃²⁻). Ka puta mai i te whakatōtō i roto i ngā taiao wai, ā, koinei ngā wāhanga matua o te kōhatu kōhatu me te māpere.
– Rōpū Konupūmā: Kei roto ko te konupūmā kāponāte (CaCO₃), ko ngā tauira rongonui ko te konupūmā me te aragonite.
– Rōpū Toromitī: Kei roto ko te konupūmā me te konupūmā kāponāte (CaMg(CO₃)₂). Ko te Toromitī te tauira matua.
3. Waikura
Ka hangaia ngā kohuke waikura mā te hononga i waenganui i te konganuku me te hāora. He maha ngā wā ka kitea i te āhua o ngā konganuku.
– He māmā noa iho: he mea tito mai i te konganuku kotahi, me te hāora kotahi, pērā i te hematite (Fe₂O₃) me te magnetite (Fe₃O₄).
– Matatini: kei roto he maha atu i te kotahi te konganuku, pērā i te spinel (MgAl₂O₄).
4. Te whāwhā
Ko ngā whanariki he kohuke i hangaia mai i tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā konganuku e honoa ana ki te whanariki. Koinei te pūtake matua o ngā konganuku maha, tae atu ki te konutea, te mata, me te rino.
– Pyrite: Ko te FeS₂ he tauira noa o te kohuke whanariki e mōhiotia ana ko te "koura wairangi" nā te mea he rite tōna āhua ki te koura.
– Galena: Ko te PbS te konganuku matua o te mata.
5. Te whanariki
Ko ngā kohuke whanariki he kohuke kei roto te anion whanariki (SO₄²⁻). He maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te ua mai i ngā wairewa wai i ngā taiao maroke.
– Barite: Ko te BaSO₄ he tauira pai o te kohuke whanariki e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo tono ahumahi.
– Tāima: He kohuke nui te CaSO₄·2H₂O e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga pāreti me te papa tāima.
6. Phosphate
Kei roto i ngā kohuke phosphate te anion phosphate (PO₄³⁻). He maha ngā wā ka kitea ēnei i roto i te toka phosphate, he pūtake nui tēnei o te huānga phosphorus, he mea nui mō ngā momo mahi, tae atu ki ngā maniua.
– Apatite: Ko te Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F, Cl, OH) he tauira noa o te kohuke phosphate, ā, he wāhanga nui o ngā wheua me ngā niho o ngā vertebrate.
7. Ngā Halides
Ko ngā kohuke halide he mea tito mai i ngā anion halogen pērā i te fluorine, te chlorine, te bromine, te iodine rānei, e herea ana ki tētahi konganuku alkali, alkaline rānei.
– Pūroiti: Ko te CaF₂ he tauira o te kohuke halide e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga hanga karāhe, hei rerenga hoki i roto i te whakarewa konganuku.
– Halite: Ko te NaCl, e mōhiotia ana ko te tote toka, he kohuke nui e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te kai a te tangata me ngā tono ahumahi.
8. Ngā Huānga Tūturu
Kotahi te huānga parakore o ētahi kohuke, ā, ka kitea noa i roto i te taiao. He maha ngā wā ka whakarōpūtia ēnei hei huānga taketake.
– Koura (Au)
– Parahi (Cu)
– Te Karāpiti me te Taimana (C)
9. Pōrata
Kei roto i ngā kohuke borate te anion borate (BO₃³⁻, B₂O₅⁴⁻ rānei) ā, ka hangaia te nuinga i roto i ngā taiao parataiao, i ngā taiao mimiti rānei.
– Borax: Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo tono mai i ngā hopi horoi ki te whakamahana muka karāhe.
– Kernite: Na₂B₄O₆(OH)₂·3H₂O, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga karāhe borosilicate.
10. Naitarata
Kei roto i ngā kohuke hauota te anion hauota (NO₃⁻). Ka puta tuatahi ēnei i ngā taiao maroke me ngā taiao maroke-haurua.
– Naitarata: Pērā i te naita (KNO₃), he puna nui o te pāhare pāporo me te hauota i roto i ngā tongi.
11. Tungstate me te Molybdate
Kei roto ngā kohuke tungstate me te molybdate i te rōpū tote matatini o ngā matū tungsten (W) me te molybdenum (Mo) me te hāora.
– Scheelite: Ko te CaWO₄ te kohuke tungsten matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga tungsten.
– Wulfenite: Pb(MoO₄) he tauira o te kohuke molybdate.
Whakamutunga
Mā te whakarōpū i ngā kohuke i runga i te hanganga matū ka puta he mōhiotanga hōhonu mō te kanorau me ngā tukanga matawhenua e hanga ana i tō tātou ao. He mea nui te mārama ki tēnei whakarōpūtanga, ehara i te mea mō ngā tohunga matawhenua me ngā kaipūtaiao whenua anake, engari mō ngā momo ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rauemi kohuke. Mai i ngā rauemi hanga whare ki ngā hangarau matatau, kei te whai wāhi tonu ngā kohuke ki tētahi tūranga nui i roto i tō tātou ao hou.
I te mea he nui ngā taonga o ngā momo kohuke me ō rātou tūranga matua, he mea nui te rangahau tonu me te māramatanga matatau hei tiaki me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi kohuke i runga i te oranga tonutanga.
